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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 269, Issue 42, 26396-26401, Oct, 1994

Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates AP-1 activity through prolonged activation of the c-Jun kinase

JK Westwick, C Weitzel, A Minden, M Karin and DA Brenner
Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) has multiple biological functions including the prolonged activation of the collagenase and c- jun genes, which are regulated via their AP-1 binding sites. We show that incubating human fibroblasts with TNF alpha induces prolonged activation of JNK, the c-Jun kinase, which phosphorylates the transactivation domain of c-Jun. Furthermore, an immune complex kinase assay specifically demonstrates that TNF alpha stimulates the activity of JNK1, the recently described predominant form of JNK. TNF alpha also produces a small and transient increase in extracellular signal- regulated kinase (ERK) activity and no measured increase in Raf-1 kinase activity. On the other hand, epidermal growth factor causes a prolonged activation of Raf-1 kinase and ERK activity and a smaller, more transient activation of JNK, whereas the phorbol ester phorbol 12- myristate 13-acetate causes a small stimulation of Raf-1 kinase and a pronounced stimulation of ERK activity. The activation of JNK by TNF alpha does not correlate with Raf-1 or ERK activity. The kinetics of Raf-1, ERK, and JNK induction by epidermal growth factor, phorbol 12- myristate 13-acetate, or TNF alpha indicate distinct mechanisms of activation in human fibroblasts.
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