Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) is a potent growth regulatory protein secreted by virtually all cells in a latent form. A major mechanism of regulating TGF- activity occurs through factors that control the processing of the latent to the biologically active form of the molecule. We have shown previously that thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), a platelet -granule and extracellular matrix protein, activates latent TGF- via a protease- and cell-independent mechanism and have localized the TGF- binding/activation region to the type 1 repeats of platelet TSP1. We now report that recombinant human TSP1, but not recombinant mouse TSP2, activates latent TGF-. Activation was further localized to the unique sequence RFK found between the first and the second type 1 repeats of TSP1 (amino acids 412-415) by the use of synthetic peptides. A peptide with the corresponding sequence in TSP2, RIR, was inactive. In addition, a hexapeptide GGWSHW, based on a sequence present in the type 1 repeats of both TSP1 and TSP2, inhibited the activation of latent TGF- by TSP1. This peptide bound to I-active TGF- and inhibited interactions of TSP1 with latent TGF-. TSP2 also inhibited activation of latent TGF- by TSP1, presumably by competitively binding to TGF- through the WSHW sequence. These studies show that activation of latent TGF- is mediated by two sequences present in the type 1 repeats of TSP1, a sequence (GGWSHW) that binds active TGF- and potentially orients the TSP molecule and a second sequence (RFK) that activates latent TGF-. Peptides based on these sites have potential therapeutic applications for modulation of TGF- activation.

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