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Superantigens are able to stimulate T lymphocyte populations
expressing T cell antigen receptors (TCR) belonging to particular
V
Volume 270,
Number 21,
Issue of May 26, pp. 12839-12845, 1995
©1995 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
families. Moreover, the presence of these superantigens may
induce long term unresponsiveness (anergy) of these sensitive cells.
Some bacterial toxins are potent superantigens. We have analyzed in
vitro the capacity of some Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin superantigens to modulate T cell antigen receptor
expression and the cellular mechanisms involved. Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) induced rapid down-regulation of surface T
cell antigen receptors in V3-expressing T lymphocytes, as assessed
by flow cytometry. This phenomenon was a consequence of the direct
interaction between the toxin and the TCR since it was observed in the
absence of cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II
molecules. The cellular mechanism involved in SEB-induced
down-regulation of TCR was further investigated. Immunofluorescence and
confocal microscopy experiments showed that toxin B induced
intracellular accumulation of TCRCD3 in endocytic vesicles.
Moreover, SEB induced an increase in T cell receptor endocytosis as
measured using radiolabeled Fab fragments of an anti-CD3 monoclonal
antibody. Taken together, our observations indicate that
Staphylococcus enterotoxin B superantigen induced changes in
the dynamics of surface T cell receptors, which resulted in the fast
reduction of membrane receptor numbers.
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