|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
The Bacillus subtilis dlt operon (D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid) is responsible for D-alanine esterification of both lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and
wall teichoic acid (WTA). The dlt operon contains five genes, dltA-dltE. Insertional inactivation of dltA-dltD results in complete absence of D-alanine from both LTA and WTA. Based on protein sequence
similarity with the Lactobacillus casei dlt gene products
(Heaton, M. P., and Neuhaus, F. C.(1992) J.Bacteriol. 174, 4707-4717), we propose that dltA encodes the D-alanine-D-alanyl carrier
protein ligase (Dcl) and dltC the D-alanyl carrier
protein (Dcp). We further hypothesize that the products of dltB and dltD are concerned with the transport of
activated D-alanine through the membrane and the final
incorporation of D-alanine into LTA. The hydropathy profiles
of the dltB and dltD gene products suggest a
transmembrane location for the former and an amino-terminal signal
peptide for the latter. The incorporation of D-alanine into
LTA and WTA did not separate in any of the mutants studied which
indicates that either one and the same enzyme is responsible for D-alanine incorporation into both polymers or a separate
enzyme, encoded outside the dlt operon, transfers the D-alanyl residues from LTA to WTA (Haas, R., Koch, H.-U., and
Fischer, W.(1984) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 21, 27-31).
Inactivation of dltE has no effect on D-alanine ester
content of both LTA and WTA, and at present we cannot propose any
function for its gene product. Transcription analysis shows that the dlt operon is transcribed from a
Volume 270,
Number 26,
Issue of June 30, pp. 15598-15606, 1995
©1995 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
IDENTIFICATION OF GENES AND REGULATION
-dependent
promoter and follows the pattern of transcription of genes belonging to
the regulon. However, the turn off of transcription
observed before sporulation starts seems to be dependent on the Spo0A
and AbrB sporulation proteins and results in a D-alanine-free
purely anionic LTA in the spore membrane. The dlt operon is
dispensable for cell growth; its inactivation does not affect cell
growth or morphology as described for L.casei.
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Baur, J. Marles-Wright, S. Buckenmaier, R. J. Lewis, and W. Vollmer Synthesis of CDP-Activated Ribitol for Teichoic Acid Precursors in Streptococcus pneumoniae J. Bacteriol., February 15, 2009; 191(4): 1200 - 1210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Yonus, P. Neumann, S. Zimmermann, J. J. May, M. A. Marahiel, and M. T. Stubbs Crystal Structure of DltA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE REACTION MECHANISM OF NON-RIBOSOMAL PEPTIDE SYNTHETASE ADENYLATION DOMAINS J. Biol. Chem., November 21, 2008; 283(47): 32484 - 32491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Beiter, F. Wartha, R. Hurwitz, S. Normark, A. Zychlinsky, and B. Henriques-Normark The Capsule Sensitizes Streptococcus pneumoniae to {alpha}-Defensins Human Neutrophil Proteins 1 to 3 Infect. Immun., August 1, 2008; 76(8): 3710 - 3716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Giaouris, R. Briandet, M. Meyrand, P. Courtin, and M.-P. Chapot-Chartier Variations in the Degree of D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids in Lactococcus lactis Alter Resistance to Cationic Antimicrobials but Have No Effect on Bacterial Surface Hydrophobicity and Charge Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 1, 2008; 74(15): 4764 - 4767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-K. Oh, B. O. Palsson, S. M. Park, C. H. Schilling, and R. Mahadevan Genome-scale Reconstruction of Metabolic Network in Bacillus subtilis Based on High-throughput Phenotyping and Gene Essentiality Data J. Biol. Chem., September 28, 2007; 282(39): 28791 - 28799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.-L. Hyyrylainen, M. Pietiainen, T. Lunden, A. Ekman, M. Gardemeister, S. Murtomaki-Repo, H. Antelmann, M. Hecker, L. Valmu, M. Sarvas, et al. The density of negative charge in the cell wall influences two-component signal transduction in Bacillus subtilis Microbiology, July 1, 2007; 153(7): 2126 - 2136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Li, Y. Lai, A. E. Villaruz, D. J. Cha, D. E. Sturdevant, and M. Otto Gram-positive three-component antimicrobial peptide-sensing system PNAS, May 29, 2007; 104(22): 9469 - 9474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Fabretti, C. Theilacker, L. Baldassarri, Z. Kaczynski, A. Kropec, O. Holst, and J. Huebner Alanine Esters of Enterococcal Lipoteichoic Acid Play a Role in Biofilm Formation and Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides Infect. Immun., July 1, 2006; 74(7): 4164 - 4171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. E. Kramer, S. A. F. T. van Hijum, J. Knol, J. Kok, and O. P. Kuipers Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms by Which Lactococcus lactis Acquires Nisin Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., May 1, 2006; 50(5): 1753 - 1761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Koprivnjak, V. Mlakar, L. Swanson, B. Fournier, A. Peschel, and J. P. Weiss Cation-Induced Transcriptional Regulation of the dlt Operon of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol., May 1, 2006; 188(10): 3622 - 3630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Palumbo, M. Deghorain, P. S. Cocconcelli, M. Kleerebezem, A. Geyer, T. Hartung, S. Morath, and P. Hols D-Alanyl Ester Depletion of Teichoic Acids in Lactobacillus plantarum Results in a Major Modification of Lipoteichoic Acid Composition and Cell Wall Perforations at the Septum Mediated by the Acm2 Autolysin. J. Bacteriol., May 1, 2006; 188(10): 3709 - 3715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Grundling and O. Schneewind Cross-Linked Peptidoglycan Mediates Lysostaphin Binding to the Cell Wall Envelope of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol., April 1, 2006; 188(7): 2463 - 2472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Fisher, L. Shetron-Rama, A. Herring-Palmer, B. Heffernan, N. Bergman, and P. Hanna The dltABCD Operon of Bacillus anthracis Sterne Is Required for Virulence and Resistance to Peptide, Enzymatic, and Cellular Mediators of Innate Immunity J. Bacteriol., February 15, 2006; 188(4): 1301 - 1309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Kristian, V. Datta, C. Weidenmaier, R. Kansal, I. Fedtke, A. Peschel, R. L. Gallo, and V. Nizet D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids Promotes Group A Streptococcus Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance, Neutrophil Survival, and Epithelial Cell Invasion J. Bacteriol., October 1, 2005; 187(19): 6719 - 6725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Pietiainen, M. Gardemeister, M. Mecklin, S. Leskela, M. Sarvas, and V. P. Kontinen Cationic antimicrobial peptides elicit a complex stress response in Bacillus subtilis that involves ECF-type sigma factors and two-component signal transduction systems Microbiology, May 1, 2005; 151(5): 1577 - 1592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Oozeer, J. P. Furet, N. Goupil-Feuillerat, J. Anba, J. Mengaud, and G. Corthier Differential Activities of Four Lactobacillus casei Promoters during Bacterial Transit through the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Human-Microbiota-Associated Mice Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2005; 71(3): 1356 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Joseph, A. Guiseppi, A. Sorokin, and F. Denizot Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis YxdJ response regulator as the inducer of expression for the cognate ABC transporter YxdLM Microbiology, August 1, 2004; 150(8): 2609 - 2617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Franklin, S. A. Douthit, and M. A. McClure Evidence that the algI/algJ Gene Cassette, Required for O Acetylation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alginate, Evolved by Lateral Gene Transfer J. Bacteriol., July 15, 2004; 186(14): 4759 - 4773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Nouaille, J. Commissaire, J. J. Gratadoux, P. Ravn, A. Bolotin, A. Gruss, Y. Le Loir, and P. Langella Influence of Lipoteichoic Acid D-Alanylation on Protein Secretion in Lactococcus lactis as Revealed by Random Mutagenesis Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2004; 70(3): 1600 - 1607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cao and J. D. Helmann The Bacillus subtilis Extracytoplasmic-Function {sigma}X Factor Regulates Modification of the Cell Envelope and Resistance to Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides J. Bacteriol., February 15, 2004; 186(4): 1136 - 1146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. C. Neuhaus and J. Baddiley A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions of D-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., December 1, 2003; 67(4): 686 - 723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Liu, K. Tan, and G. D. Stormo Computational identification of the Spo0A-phosphate regulon that is essential for the cellular differentiation and development in Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria Nucleic Acids Res., December 1, 2003; 31(23): 6891 - 6903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Wahlstrom, M. Vitikainen, V. P. Kontinen, and M. Sarvas The extracytoplasmic folding factor PrsA is required for protein secretion only in the presence of the cell wall in Bacillus subtilis Microbiology, March 1, 2003; 149(3): 569 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Koprivnjak, A. Peschel, M. H. Gelb, N. S. Liang, and J. P. Weiss Role of Charge Properties of Bacterial Envelope in Bactericidal Action of Human Group IIA Phospholipase A2 against Staphylococcus aureus J. Biol. Chem., November 27, 2002; 277(49): 47636 - 47644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Thwaite, L. W. J. Baillie, N. M. Carter, K. Stephenson, M. Rees, C. R. Harwood, and P. T. Emmerson Optimization of the Cell Wall Microenvironment Allows Increased Production of Recombinant Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen from B. subtilis Appl. Envir. Microbiol., January 1, 2002; 68(1): 227 - 234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Poyart, M. C. Lamy, C. Boumaila, F. Fiedler, and P. Trieu-Cuot Regulation of D-Alanyl-Lipoteichoic Acid Biosynthesis in Streptococcus agalactiae Involves a Novel Two-Component Regulatory System J. Bacteriol., November 1, 2001; 183(21): 6324 - 6334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Dieye, S. Usai, F. Clier, A. Gruss, and J.-C. Piard Design of a Protein-Targeting System for Lactic Acid Bacteria J. Bacteriol., July 15, 2001; 183(14): 4157 - 4166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Boyd, D. G. Cvitkovitch, A. S. Bleiweis, M. Y. Kiriukhin, D. V. Debabov, F. C. Neuhaus, and I. R. Hamilton Defects in D-Alanyl-Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis in Streptococcus mutans Results in Acid Sensitivity J. Bacteriol., November 1, 2000; 182(21): 6055 - 6065. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Martinez-Abarca and N. Toro RecA-independent ectopic transposition in vivo of a bacterial group II intron Nucleic Acids Res., November 1, 2000; 28(21): 4397 - 4402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Clemans, P. E. Kolenbrander, D. V. Debabov, Q. Zhang, R. D. Lunsford, H. Sakone, C. J. Whittaker, M. P. Heaton, and F. C. Neuhaus Insertional Inactivation of Genes Responsible for the D-Alanylation of Lipoteichoic Acid in Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis) Affects Intrageneric Coaggregations Infect. Immun., May 1, 1999; 67(5): 2464 - 2474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Spatafora, M. Sheets, R. June, D. Luyimbazi, K. Howard, R. Hulbert, D. Barnard, M. el Janne, and M. C. Hudson Regulated Expression of the Streptococcus mutans dlt Genes Correlates with Intracellular Polysaccharide Accumulation J. Bacteriol., April 15, 1999; 181(8): 2363 - 2372. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Peschel, M. Otto, R. W. Jack, H. Kalbacher, G. Jung, and F. Gotz Inactivation of the dlt Operon in Staphylococcus aureus Confers Sensitivity to Defensins, Protegrins, and Other Antimicrobial Peptides J. Biol. Chem., March 26, 1999; 274(13): 8405 - 8410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Fredrick and J. D. Helmann RNA polymerase sigma factor determines start-site selection but is not required for upstream promoter element activation on heteroduplex (bubble) templates PNAS, May 13, 1997; 94(10): 4982 - 4987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H. Lambalot and C. T. Walsh Cloning, Overproduction, and Characterization of the Escherichia coli Holo-acyl Carrier Protein Synthase J. Biol. Chem., October 20, 1995; 270(42): 24658 - 24661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-L. Hyyrylainen, M. Vitikainen, J. Thwaite, H. Wu, M. Sarvas, C. R. Harwood, V. P. Kontinen, and K. Stephenson D-Alanine Substitution of Teichoic Acids as a Modulator of Protein Folding and Stability at the Cytoplasmic Membrane/Cell Wall Interface of Bacillus subtilis J. Biol. Chem., August 25, 2000; 275(35): 26696 - 26703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. D. Mootz, R. Finking, and M. A. Marahiel 4'-Phosphopantetheine Transfer in Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Bacillus subtilis J. Biol. Chem., September 28, 2001; 276(40): 37289 - 37298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| All ASBMB Journals | Molecular and Cellular Proteomics |
| Journal of Lipid Research | ASBMB Today |