Mosaicism in Vacuolating Cytotoxin Alleles of Helicobacter pylori

doi:10.1074/jbc.270.30.17771

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Volume 270, Number 30, Issue of July 28, pp. 17771-17777, 1995
©1995 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Mosaicism in Vacuolating Cytotoxin Alleles of Helicobacter pylori
ASSOCIATION OF SPECIFIC vacA TYPES WITH CYTOTOXIN PRODUCTION AND PEPTIC ULCERATION

(Received for publication, March 14, 1995; and in revised form, May 15, 1995)

John C. Atherton , Ping Cao , Richard M. Peek , Jr. , Murali K. R. Tummuru , Martin J. Blaser , Timothy L. Cover

From the (1)Divisions of Infectious Disease and (2)Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2605 and the (3)Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2637

Approximately 50% of Helicobacter pylori strains produce a cytotoxin, encoded by vacA, that induces vacuolation of eukaryotic cells. Analysis of a clinically isolated tox strain (Tx30a) indicated secretion of a 93-kDa product from a 3933-base pair vacA open reading frame. Characterization of 59 different H. pylori isolates indicated the existence of three different families of vacA signal sequences (s1a, s1b, and s2) and two different families of middle-region alleles (m1 and m2). All possible combinations of these vacA regions were identified, with the exception of s2/m1 (p < 0.001); this mosaic organization implies that recombination has occurred in vivo between vacA alleles. Type s1/m1 strains produced a higher level of cytotoxin activity in vitro than type s1/m2 strains; none of 19 type s2/m2 strains produced detectable cytotoxin activity. The presence of cagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) was closely associated with the presence of vacA signal sequence type s1 (p < 0.001). Among patients with past or present peptic ulceration, 21 (91%) of 23 harbored type s1 strains compared with 16 (48%) of 33 patients without peptic ulcers; only 2 (10%) of 19 subjects harboring type s2 strains had past or present peptic ulcers (p < 0.005). Thus, specific vacA genotypes of H. pylori strains are associated with the level of in vitro cytotoxin activity as well as clinical consequences.

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J. Biol. Chem., July 11, 2003; 278(29): 26734 - 26741.
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C.-Y. Park, M. Kwak, O. Gutierrez, D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka
Comparison of Genotyping Helicobacter pylori Directly from Biopsy Specimens and Genotyping from Bacterial Cultures
J. Clin. Microbiol., July 1, 2003; 41(7): 3336 - 3338.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. K. Akada, K. Ogura, D. Dailidiene, G. Dailide, J. M. Cheverud, and D. E. Berg
Helicobacter pylori tissue tropism: mouse-colonizing strains can target different gastric niches
Microbiology, July 1, 2003; 149(7): 1901 - 1909.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. R. Bebb, D. P. Letley, J. L. Rhead, and J. C. Atherton
Helicobacter pylori Supernatants Cause Epithelial Cytoskeletal Disruption That Is Bacterial Strain and Epithelial Cell Line Dependent but Not Toxin VacA Dependent
Infect. Immun., June 1, 2003; 71(6): 3623 - 3627.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Wang, L.-J. van Doorn, P. A. Robinson, X. Ji, D. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Ge, J. L. Telford, and J. E. Crabtree
Regional Variation among vacA Alleles of Helicobacter pylori in China
J. Clin. Microbiol., May 1, 2003; 41(5): 1942 - 1945.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Ayraud, B. Janvier, L. Salaun, and J.-L. Fauchere
Modification in the ppk Gene of Helicobacterpylori during Single and Multiple Experimental Murine Infections
Infect. Immun., April 1, 2003; 71(4): 1733 - 1739.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

A. Santos, D. M. M. Queiroz, A. Menard, A. Marais, G. A. Rocha, C. A. Oliveira, A. M. M. F. Nogueira, M. Uzeda, and F. Megraud
New Pathogenicity Marker Found in the Plasticity Region of the Helicobacter pylori Genome
J. Clin. Microbiol., April 1, 2003; 41(4): 1651 - 1655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C-F Zambon, F Navaglia, D Basso, M Rugge, and M Plebani
Helicobacter pylori babA2, cagA, and s1 vacA genes work synergistically in causing intestinal metaplasia
J. Clin. Pathol., April 1, 2003; 56(4): 287 - 291.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

I. G. Boneca, H. d. Reuse, J.-C. Epinat, M. Pupin, A. Labigne, and I. Moszer
A revised annotation and comparative analysis of Helicobacter pylori genomes
Nucleic Acids Res., March 15, 2003; 31(6): 1704 - 1714.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. L. Cover, U. S. Krishna, D. A. Israel, and R. M. Peek Jr.
Induction of Gastric Epithelial Cell Apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori Vacuolating Cytotoxin
Cancer Res., March 1, 2003; 63(5): 951 - 957.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C I Koehler, M B Mues, H P Dienes, J Kriegsmann, P Schirmacher, and M Odenthal
Helicobacter pylori genotyping in gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma by multiplex PCR analyses of paraffin wax embedded tissues
Mol. Pathol., February 1, 2003; 56(1): 36 - 42.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. J. Debets-Ossenkopp, G. Reyes, J. Mulder, B. M. aan de Stegge, J. T. A. M. Peters, P. H. M. Savelkoul, J. Tanca, A. S. Pena, and C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls
Characteristics of clinical Helicobacter pylori strains from Ecuador
J. Antimicrob. Chemother., January 1, 2003; 51(1): 141 - 145.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. A. Aras, A. J. Small, T. Ando, and M. J. Blaser
Helicobacter pylori interstrain restriction-modification diversity prevents genome subversion by chromosomal DNA from competing strains
Nucleic Acids Res., December 15, 2002; 30(24): 5391 - 5397.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Cao and T. L. Cover
Two Different Families of hopQ Alleles in Helicobacter pylori
J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2002; 40(12): 4504 - 4511.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. J. Blaser
Polymorphic Bacteria Persisting in Polymorphic Hosts: Assessing Helicobacter pylori-Related Risks for Gastric Cancer
J Natl Cancer Inst, November 20, 2002; 94(22): 1662 - 1663.
[Full Text] [PDF]

C. Figueiredo, J. C. Machado, P. Pharoah, R. Seruca, S. Sousa, R. Carvalho, A. F. Capelinha, W. Quint, C. Caldas, L.-J. van Doorn, et al.
Helicobacter pylori and Interleukin 1 Genotyping: An Opportunity to Identify High-Risk Individuals for Gastric Carcinoma
J Natl Cancer Inst, November 20, 2002; 94(22): 1680 - 1687.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Ghose, G. I. Perez-Perez, M.-G. Dominguez-Bello, D. T. Pride, C. M. Bravi, and M. J. Blaser
East Asian genotypes of Helicobacter pylori strains in Amerindians provide evidence for its ancient human carriage
PNAS, November 12, 2002; 99(23): 15107 - 15111.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

N Kalia, K D Bardhan, J C Atherton, and N J Brown
Toxigenic Helicobacter pylori induces changes in the gastric mucosal microcirculation in rats
Gut, November 1, 2002; 51(5): 641 - 647.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Chanto, A. Occhialini, N. Gras, R. A. Alm, F. Megraud, and A. Marais
Identification of strain-specific genes located outside the plasticity zone in nine clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori
Microbiology, November 1, 2002; 148(11): 3671 - 3680.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C.-H. Lai, C.-H. Kuo, Y.-C. Chen, F.-Y. Chao, S.-K. Poon, C.-S. Chang, and W.-C. Wang
High Prevalence of cagA- and babA2-Positive Helicobacter pylori Clinical Isolates in Taiwan
J. Clin. Microbiol., October 1, 2002; 40(10): 3860 - 3862.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J Yu, W K Leung, M Y Y Go, M C W Chan, K F To, E K W Ng, F K L Chan, T K W Ling, S C S Chung, and J J Y Sung
Relationship between Helicobacter pylori babA2 status with gastric epithelial cell turnover and premalignant gastric lesions
Gut, October 1, 2002; 51(4): 480 - 484.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. I. SMITH, C. KIRSCH, K. S. OYEDEJI, A. O. ARIGBABU, A. O. COKER, E. BAYERDOFFER, and S. MIEHLKE
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA and iceA genotypes in Nigerian patients with duodenal ulcer disease
J. Med. Microbiol., October 1, 2002; 51(10): 851 - 854.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W. Schraw, Y. Li, M. S. McClain, F. G. van der Goot, and T. L. Cover
Association of Helicobacter pylori Vacuolating Toxin (VacA) with Lipid Rafts
J. Biol. Chem., September 6, 2002; 277(37): 34642 - 34650.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Q. Xu, R. D. Morgan, R. J. Roberts, S. Y. Xu, L. J. van Doorn, J. P. Donahue, G. G. Miller, and M. J. Blaser
Functional analysis of iceA1, a CATG-recognizing restriction endonuclease gene in Helicobacter pylori
Nucleic Acids Res., September 1, 2002; 30(17): 3839 - 3847.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

F. SALGADO, A. GARCIA, A. ONATE, C. GONZALEZ, and F. KAWAGUCHI
Increased in-vitro and in-vivo biological activity of lipopolysaccharide extracted from clinical low virulence vacA genotype Helicobacter pylori strains
J. Med. Microbiol., September 1, 2002; 51(9): 771 - 776.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]