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(Received for publication, April 6, 1995; and in revised form, June 8, 1995)
Aerobic organisms synthesize superoxide dismutases in order to escape injury from endogenous superoxide. An earlier study of Escherichia coli indicated that intracellular superoxide is formed primarily by autoxidation of components of the respiratory chain. In order to identify those components, inverted respiratory vesicles were incubated with five respiratory substrates. In most cases, essentially all of the superoxide was formed through autoxidation of fumarate reductase, despite the paucity of this anaerobic terminal oxidase in the aerobic cells from which the vesicles were prepared. In contrast, most dehydrogenases, the respiratory quinones, and the cytochrome oxidases did not produce any detectable superoxide.
The propensity of fumarate reductase to generate
superoxide could conceivably deluge cells with superoxide when
anaerobic cells, which contain abundant fumarate reductase, enter an
aerobic habitat. In fact, deletion or overexpression of the frd structural genes improved and retarded, respectively, the
outgrowth of superoxide dismutase-attenuated cells when they were
abruptly aerated, suggesting that fumarate reductase is a major source
of superoxide in vivo. Steric inhibitors that bind adjacent to
the flavin completely blocked superoxide production, indicating that
the flavin, rather than an iron-sulfur cluster, is the direct electron
donor to oxygen. Since the turnover numbers for superoxide formation by
other flavoenzymes are orders of magnitude lower than that of fumarate
reductase (1600 min), additional steric or
electronic factors must accelerate its autoxidation.
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