Enhancer elements regulating the neuronal gene, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), were identified in TH-expressing peripheral nervous system PATH and central nervous system CATH cell lines. Mutational analysis in which rat TH 5`-flanking sequences directed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene expression demonstrated that mutating the cyclic AMP response element (CRE) at -45 base pair reduced expression by 80-90%. A CRE linked to an enhancerless TH promoter fully supported expression. Cotransfection of a dominant-negative CREB protein reduced expression 50-60%, suggesting that the CRE is bound by CREB or a CREB dimerization partner. Although mutating the AP1/dyad (AD) element at -205 base pair only modestly reduced CAT levels, AD minimal enhancer constructs gave 45-80% of wild type expression when positioned at -91 or -95. However, in its native context at -205, the AD could not support expression. In contrast, a CRE, moved from its normal position at -45 to -206, gave full activity. These results indicate that the CRE is critical for TH transcription in central nervous system CATH and peripheral nervous system PATH cells, whereas the AD is less important and its enhancer activity is context- and/or position-dependent. These results represent the first attempts to map regulatory elements directing TH expression in central nervous system cell lines.

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