The expression of the kdpFABC operon, coding for the K-translocating Kdp-ATPase, is under the control of the two regulatory proteins KdpD and KdpE, which belong to the group of sensor kinase/response regulator systems. The topology of the KdpD protein in the cytoplasmic membrane was investigated using LacZ and PhoA fusions at different sites within the polypeptide chain and by treating spheroplasts in the presence or absence of Triton X-100 with the protease kallikrein. The results revealed that KdpD has four membrane-spanning segments in the middle of the polypeptide chain, whereas N and C terminus are both cytoplasmic.

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