Domain interactions of the human androgen receptor (AR) dimer were investigated using a protein-protein interaction assay in which the NH- and carboxyl-terminal regions of human AR were fused to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 DNA-binding domain and herpes simplex virus VP16 transactivation domain to produce chimeric proteins. Transcriptional activation of a GAL4 luciferase reporter vector up to 100-fold was greater than Fos/Jun leucine zipper binding, indicating stable AR interaction between AR NH-terminal residues 1-503 and steroid-binding domain residues 624-919 that was specific for and dependent on androgen binding to the steroid-binding domain and was inhibited by anti-androgen binding. Deletion mutagenesis within the NH-terminal region indicated transactivation domain residues 142-337 were not required for dimerization, whereas deletions near the NH terminus (14-150) or NH-terminal to the DNA-binding domain (339-499) reduced or eliminated the AR interaction, respectively. An NH-/NH-terminal interaction was also observed, but no interaction was detected between ligand-free or bound steroid-binding domains. The results indicate that high affinity androgen binding promotes interactions between the NH-terminal and steroid-binding domains of human AR, raising the possibility of an androgen-induced anti-parallel AR dimer.

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				C. A. Berrevoets, P. Doesburg, K. Steketee, J. Trapman, and A. O. Brinkmann Functional Interactions of the AF-2 Activation Domain Core Region of the Human Androgen Receptor with the Amino-Terminal Domain and with the Transcriptional Coactivator TIF2 (Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 2) Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 1998; 12(8): 1172 - 1183. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. Langley, J. A. Kemppainen, and E. M. Wilson Intermolecular NH2-/Carboxyl-terminal Interactions in Androgen Receptor Dimerization Revealed by Mutations That Cause Androgen Insensitivity J. Biol. Chem., January 2, 1998; 273(1): 92 - 101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Ikonen, J. J. Palvimo, and O. A. Janne Interaction between the Amino- and Carboxyl-terminal Regions of the Rat Androgen Receptor Modulates Transcriptional Activity and Is Influenced by Nuclear Receptor Coactivators J. Biol. Chem., November 21, 1997; 272(47): 29821 - 29828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. L. Heckert, E. M. Wilson, and J. H. Nilson Transcriptional Repression of the {alpha}-Subunit Gene by Androgen Receptor Occurs Independently of DNA Binding but Requires the DNA-Binding and Ligand-Binding Domains of the Receptor Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 1997; 11(10): 1497 - 1506. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. J. Tetel, S. Jung, P. Carbajo, T. Ladtkow, D. F. Skafar, and D. P. Edwards Hinge and Amino-Terminal Sequences Contribute to Solution Dimerization of Human Progesterone Receptor Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 1997; 11(8): 1114 - 1128. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				U. Karvonen, P. J. Kallio, O. A. Janne, and J. J. Palvimo Interaction of Androgen Receptors with Androgen Response Element in Intact Cells. ROLES OF AMINO- AND CARBOXYL-TERMINAL REGIONS AND THE LIGAND J. Biol. Chem., June 20, 1997; 272(25): 15973 - 15979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Zhou, J. L. Corden, and T. R. Brown Identification and Characterization of a Novel Androgen Response Element Composed of a Direct Repeat J. Biol. Chem., March 28, 1997; 272(13): 8227 - 8235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. L. Chamberlain, D. C. Whitacre, and R. L. Miesfeld Delineation of Two Distinct Type 1Activation Functions in the Androgen Receptor Amino-terminal Domain J. Biol. Chem., October 25, 1996; 271(43): 26772 - 26778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Bubulya, S. C. Wise, X.-Q. Shen, L. A. Burmeister, and L. Shemshedini c-Jun Can Mediate Androgen Receptor-induced Transactivation J. Biol. Chem., October 4, 1996; 271(40): 24583 - 24589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Xu, P. K. Chakraborti, M. J. Garabedian, K. R. Yamamoto, and S. S. Simons Jr. Modular Structure of Glucocorticoid Receptor Domains Is Not Equivalent to Functional Independence. STABILITY AND ACTIVITY OF THE STEROID BINDING DOMAIN ARE CONTROLLED BY SEQUENCES IN SEPARATE DOMAINS J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 1996; 271(35): 21430 - 21438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. Aumais, H. S. Lee, C. DeGannes, J. Horsford, and J. H. White Function of Directly Repeated Half-sites as Response Elements for Steroid Hormone Receptors J. Biol. Chem., May 24, 1996; 271(21): 12568 - 12577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. He, J. A. Kemppainen, and E. M. Wilson FXXLF and WXXLF Sequences Mediate the NH2-terminal Interaction with the Ligand Binding Domain of the Androgen Receptor J. Biol. Chem., July 21, 2000; 275(30): 22986 - 22994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Rao, P. Lee, S. Benzeno, C. Cardozo, J. Albertus, D. M. Robins, and A. J. Caplan Functional Interaction of Human Cdc37 with the Androgen Receptor but Not with the Glucocorticoid Receptor J. Biol. Chem., February 16, 2001; 276(8): 5814 - 5820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Takahashi, T. Taira, T. Niki, C. Seino, S. M. M. Iguchi-Ariga, and H. Ariga DJ-1 Positively Regulates the Androgen Receptor by Impairing the Binding of PIASxalpha to the Receptor J. Biol. Chem., September 28, 2001; 276(40): 37556 - 37563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Slagsvold, I. Kraus, K. Fronsdal, and F. Saatcioglu DNA Binding-independent Transcriptional Activation by the Androgen Receptor through Triggering of Coactivators J. Biol. Chem., August 10, 2001; 276(33): 31030 - 31036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Wang, S. Yeh, G. Wu, C.-L. Hsu, L. Wang, T. Chiang, Y. Yang, Y. Guo, and C. Chang Identification and Characterization of a Novel Androgen Receptor Coregulator ARA267-alpha in Prostate Cancer Cells J. Biol. Chem., October 26, 2001; 276(44): 40417 - 40423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Bubulya, S.-Y. Chen, C. J. Fisher, Z. Zheng, X.-Q. Shen, and L. Shemshedini c-Jun Potentiates the Functional Interaction between the Amino and Carboxyl Termini of the Androgen Receptor J. Biol. Chem., November 21, 2001; 276(48): 44704 - 44711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]