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(Received for publication, July 12, 1995; and in revised form, October 23,
1995) The rapid and spontaneous interaction between superoxide
(O
Volume 271,
Number 1,
Issue of January 5, 1996 pp. 40-47
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
) and nitric oxide (NO) to yield the
potent oxidants peroxynitrite (ONOO) and
peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH), has been suggested to represent an
important pathway by which tissue may be injured during inflammation.
Although several groups of investigators have demonstrated substantial
oxidizing and cytotoxic activities of chemically synthesized
ONOO
, there has been little information available
quantifying the interaction between O
and NO in the absence or the presence of redox-active iron. Using
the hypoxanthine (HX)/xanthine oxidase system to generate various
fluxes of O
and H
O
and the spontaneous decomposition of the spermine/NO adduct to
produce various fluxes of NO, we found that in the absence of
redox-active iron, the simultaneous production of equimolar fluxes of
O
and NO increased the oxidation of
dihydrorhodamine (DHR) from normally undetectable levels to
approximately 15 µM, suggesting the formation of a potent
oxidant. Superoxide dismutase, but not catalase, inhibited this
oxidative reaction, suggesting that O
and not hydrogen peroxide (H
O
) interacts
with NO to generate a potent oxidizing agent. Excess production of
either radical virtually eliminated the oxidation of DHR. In the
presence of 5 µM Fe-EDTA to insure
optimum O
-driven Fenton chemistry, NO
enhanced modestly HX/xanthine oxidase-induced oxidation of DHR. As
expected, both superoxide dismutase and catalase inhibited this
Fe-catalyzed oxidation reaction. Excess NO production with respect to
O
flux produced only modest inhibition
(33%) of DHR oxidation. In a separate series of studies, we found that
equimolar fluxes of O
and NO in the
absence of iron only modestly enhanced hydroxylation of benzoic acid
from undetectable levels to 0.6 µM 2-hydroxybenzoate. In
the presence of 5 µM Fe-EDTA,
HX/xanthine oxidase-mediated hydroxylation of benzoic acid increased
dramatically from undetectable levels to 4.5 µM of the
hydroxylated product. Superoxide dismutase and catalase were both
effective at inhibiting this classic
O
-driven Fenton reaction.
Interestingly, NO inhibited this iron-catalyzed hydroxylation reaction
in a concentration-dependent manner such that fluxes of NO
approximating those of O
and
H
O
virtually abolished the hydroxylation of
benzoic acid. We conclude that in the absence of iron, equimolar fluxes
of NO and O
interact to yield potent
oxidants such as ONOO/ONOOH, which oxidize organic
compounds. Excess production of either radical remarkably inhibits
these oxidative reactions. In the presence of low molecular weight
redox-active iron complexes, NO may enhance or inhibit
O
-dependent oxidation and hydroxylation
reactions depending upon their relative fluxes.
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