|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
(Received for publication, September 28, 1995, and in revised form, February 27, 1996)
From the Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Japan
A method was developed for obtaining a
homogeneous silkworm hemolymph protein (peptidoglycan recognition
protein, PGRP) which has affinity for peptidoglycan and the ability to
trigger the prophenoloxidase cascade upon its binding to peptidoglycan.
The purified PGRP had a molecular mass of about 19 kDa and is composed
of a single polypeptide with an isoelectric point of 6.5. It bound to
peptidoglycan in the absence of divalent cation, whereas its binding to
Volume 271, Number 23,
Issue of June 7, 1996
pp. 13854-13860
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
1,3-glucan and chitin was not detected.
N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1-4)-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine
did not inhibit purified PGRP to bind insoluble peptidoglycan, but
fragmented soluble peptidoglycan did. PGRP seemed to require
peptidoglycan as a possible ligand to keep its glycan portion
consisting of at least two or more of the repeating unit. PGRP did not
have any detectable lysozyme activity, and its amino acid composition
and amino-terminal sequence of 20 amino acid residues were shown to be
different from those of silkworm lysozyme. PGRP seems to be a hitherto
unknown protein. In the absence of PGRP, the prophenoloxidase cascade
in the plasma fraction of hemolymph could not be triggered by
peptidoglycan, indicating that some type of activity, capable of
activating the cascade, is generated upon their binding. However, the
exact nature of this activity is not yet known. The purified PGRP bound
to peptidoglycan did not hydrolyze significantly any of the 26 commercially available peptidyl-7-amino-4-methylcoumarins, substrates
for various proteases.
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  P. C. F. Oyston, M. A. Fox, S. J. Richards, and G. C. Clark Novel peptide therapeutics for treatment of infections J. Med. Microbiol., August 1, 2009; 58(8): 977 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Felfoldi, J. Marokhazi, M. Kepiro, and I. Venekei Identification of Natural Target Proteins Indicates Functions of a Serralysin-Type Metalloprotease, PrtA, in Anti-Immune Mechanisms Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 15, 2009; 75(10): 3120 - 3126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Ishii, H. Hamamoto, M. Kamimura, and K. Sekimizu Activation of the Silkworm Cytokine by Bacterial and Fungal Cell Wall Components via a Reactive Oxygen Species-triggered Mechanism J. Biol. Chem., January 25, 2008; 283(4): 2185 - 2191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Li, S. Wang, H. Wang, and D. Gupta Differential Expression of Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 in the Skin and Liver Requires Different Transcription Factors J. Biol. Chem., July 28, 2006; 281(30): 20738 - 20748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Park, B.-R. Je, S. Piao, S. Inamura, Y. Fujimoto, K. Fukase, S. Kusumoto, K. Soderhall, N.-C. Ha, and B. L. Lee A Synthetic Peptidoglycan Fragment as a Competitive Inhibitor of the Melanization Cascade J. Biol. Chem., March 24, 2006; 281(12): 7747 - 7755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-H. Lim, M.-S. Kim, H.-E. Kim, T. Yano, Y. Oshima, K. Aggarwal, W. E. Goldman, N. Silverman, S. Kurata, and B.-H. Oh Structural Basis for Preferential Recognition of Diaminopimelic Acid-type Peptidoglycan by a Subset of Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins J. Biol. Chem., March 24, 2006; 281(12): 8286 - 8295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Lu, M. Wang, J. Qi, H. Wang, X. Li, D. Gupta, and R. Dziarski Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Are a New Class of Human Bactericidal Proteins J. Biol. Chem., March 3, 2006; 281(9): 5895 - 5907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. S. Garver, J. Wu, and L. P. Wu The peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-SC1a is essential for Toll signaling and phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus in Drosophila PNAS, January 17, 2006; 103(3): 660 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. C. Tydell, J. Yuan, P. Tran, and M. E. Selsted Bovine Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-S: Antimicrobial Activity, Localization, Secretion, and Binding Properties J. Immunol., January 15, 2006; 176(2): 1154 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Sang, B. Ramanathan, C. R. Ross, and F. Blecha Gene Silencing and Overexpression of Porcine Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein Long Isoforms: Involvement in {beta}-Defensin-1 Expression Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7133 - 7141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Wang, D. Gupta, X. Li, and R. Dziarski Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 (N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-Ala Amidase) Is Induced in Keratinocytes by Bacteria through the p38 Kinase Pathway Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7216 - 7225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Dziarski and D. Gupta Peptidoglycan recognition in innate immunity Innate Immunity, October 1, 2005; 11(5): 304 - 310. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Cho, I. P. Fraser, K. Fukase, S. Kusumoto, Y. Fujimoto, G. L. Stahl, and R. A. B. Ezekowitz Human peptidoglycan recognition protein S is an effector of neutrophil-mediated innate immunity Blood, October 1, 2005; 106(7): 2551 - 2558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-I Chang, K. Ihara, Y. Chelliah, D. Mengin-Lecreulx, S. Wakatsuki, and J. Deisenhofer Structure of the ectodomain of Drosophila peptidoglycan-recognition protein LCa suggests a molecular mechanism for pattern recognition PNAS, July 19, 2005; 102(29): 10279 - 10284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. McDonald, N. Inohara, and G. Nunez Peptidoglycan Signaling in Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Disease J. Biol. Chem., May 27, 2005; 280(21): 20177 - 20180. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Tong, H. Jiang, and M. R. Kanost Identification of Plasma Proteases Inhibited by Manduca sexta Serpin-4 and Serpin-5 and Their Association with Components of the Prophenol Oxidase Activation Pathway J. Biol. Chem., April 15, 2005; 280(15): 14932 - 14942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Mengin-Lecreulx and B. Lemaitre Structure and metabolism of peptidoglycan and molecular requirements allowing its detection by the Drosophila innate immune system Innate Immunity, April 1, 2005; 11(2): 105 - 111. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-M. Choe, H. Lee, and K. V. Anderson Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC) acts as a signal-transducing innate immune receptor PNAS, January 25, 2005; 102(4): 1122 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. Stenbak, J.-H. Ryu, F. Leulier, S. Pili-Floury, C. Parquet, M. Herve, C. Chaput, I. G. Boneca, W.-J. Lee, B. Lemaitre, et al. Peptidoglycan Molecular Requirements Allowing Detection by the Drosophila Immune Deficiency Pathway J. Immunol., December 15, 2004; 173(12): 7339 - 7348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Xu, Z. Wang, and R. M. Locksley Innate Immune Responses in Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein L-Deficient Mice Mol. Cell. Biol., September 15, 2004; 24(18): 7949 - 7957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. R. Kappeler, C. Heuberger, Z. Farah, and Z. Puhan Expression of the Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein, PGRP, in the Lactating Mammary Gland J Dairy Sci, August 1, 2004; 87(8): 2660 - 2668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Osta, G. K. Christophides, D. Vlachou, and F. C. Kafatos Innate immunity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: comparative and functional genomics J. Exp. Biol., July 1, 2004; 207(15): 2551 - 2563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. G. Ma, M. Y. Cho, M. Zhao, J. W. Park, M. Matsushita, T. Fujita, and B. L. Lee Human Mannose-binding Lectin and L-Ficolin Function as Specific Pattern Recognition Proteins in the Lectin Activation Pathway of Complement J. Biol. Chem., June 11, 2004; 279(24): 25307 - 25312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hedengren-Olcott, M. C. Olcott, D. T. Mooney, S. Ekengren, B. L. Geller, and B. J. Taylor Differential Activation of the NF-{kappa}B-like Factors Relish and Dif in Drosophila melanogaster by Fungi and Gram-positive Bacteria J. Biol. Chem., May 14, 2004; 279(20): 21121 - 21127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Pili-Floury, F. Leulier, K. Takahashi, K. Saigo, E. Samain, R. Ueda, and B. Lemaitre In Vivo RNA Interference Analysis Reveals an Unexpected Role for GNBP1 in the Defense against Gram-positive Bacterial Infection in Drosophila Adults J. Biol. Chem., March 26, 2004; 279(13): 12848 - 12853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Lee, T. Osaki, J. Y. Lee, M. J. Baek, R. Zhang, J. W. Park, S.-i. Kawabata, K. Soderhall, and B. L. Lee Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Involved in 1,3-{beta}-D-Glucan-dependent Prophenoloxidase Activation System of Insect J. Biol. Chem., January 30, 2004; 279(5): 3218 - 3227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z.-M. Wang, X. Li, R. R. Cocklin, M. Wang, M. Wang, K. Fukase, S. Inamura, S. Kusumoto, D. Gupta, and R. Dziarski Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-L Is an N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase J. Biol. Chem., December 5, 2003; 278(49): 49044 - 49052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Zhang, H. Y. Cho, H. S. Kim, Y. G. Ma, T. Osaki, S.-i. Kawabata, K. Soderhall, and B. L. Lee Characterization and Properties of a 1,3-{beta}-D-Glucan Pattern Recognition Protein of Tenebrio molitor Larvae That Is Specifically Degraded by Serine Protease during Prophenoloxidase Activation J. Biol. Chem., October 24, 2003; 278(43): 42072 - 42079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Dziarski, K. A. Platt, E. Gelius, H. Steiner, and D. Gupta Defect in neutrophil killing and increased susceptibility to infection with nonpathogenic gram-positive bacteria in peptidoglycan recognition protein-S (PGRP-S)-deficient mice Blood, July 15, 2003; 102(2): 689 - 697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Mellroth, J. Karlsson, and H. Steiner A Scavenger Function for a Drosophila Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein J. Biol. Chem., February 21, 2003; 278(9): 7059 - 7064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Takehana, T. Katsuyama, T. Yano, Y. Oshima, H. Takada, T. Aigaki, and S. Kurata Overexpression of a pattern-recognition receptor, peptidoglycan-recognition protein-LE, activates imd/relish-mediated antibacterial defense and the prophenoloxidase cascade in Drosophila larvae PNAS, October 15, 2002; 99(21): 13705 - 13710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. Tydell, N. Yount, D. Tran, J. Yuan, and M. E. Selsted Isolation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties of Bovine Oligosaccharide-binding Protein. A MICROBICIDAL GRANULE PROTEIN OF EOSINOPHILS AND NEUTROPHILS J. Biol. Chem., May 24, 2002; 277(22): 19658 - 19664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bilej, P. De Baetselier, E. Van Dijck, B. Stijlemans, A. Colige, and A. Beschin Distinct Carbohydrate Recognition Domains of an Invertebrate Defense Molecule Recognize Gram-negative and Gram-positive Bacteria J. Biol. Chem., November 30, 2001; 276(49): 45840 - 45847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Werner, G. Liu, D. Kang, S. Ekengren, H. Steiner, and D. Hultmark A family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster PNAS, December 5, 2000; 97(25): 13772 - 13777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Dimopoulos, T. L. Casavant, S. Chang, T. Scheetz, C. Roberts, M. Donohue, J. Schultz, V. Benes, P. Bork, W. Ansorge, et al. Anopheles gambiae pilot gene discovery project: Identification of mosquito innate immunity genes from expressed sequence tags generated from immune-competent cell lines PNAS, June 6, 2000; 97(12): 6619 - 6624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ma and M. R. Kanost A beta 1,3-Glucan Recognition Protein from an Insect, Manduca sexta, Agglutinates Microorganisms and Activates the Phenoloxidase Cascade J. Biol. Chem., March 10, 2000; 275(11): 7505 - 7514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ochiai and M. Ashida A Pattern-recognition Protein for beta -1,3-Glucan. THE BINDING DOMAIN AND THE cDNA CLONING OF beta -1,3-GLUCAN RECOGNITION PROTEIN FROM THE SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI J. Biol. Chem., February 18, 2000; 275(7): 4995 - 5002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Y. Lee, R. Wang, and K. Soderhall A Lipopolysaccharide- and beta -1,3-Glucan-binding Protein from Hemocytes of the Freshwater Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND cDNA CLONING J. Biol. Chem., January 14, 2000; 275(2): 1337 - 1343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ochiai and M. Ashida A Pattern Recognition Protein for Peptidoglycan. CLONING THE cDNA AND THE GENE OF THE SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 1999; 274(17): 11854 - 11858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Satoh, A. Horii, M. Ochiai, and M. Ashida Prophenoloxidase-activating Enzyme of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND cDNA CLONING J. Biol. Chem., March 12, 1999; 274(11): 7441 - 7453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wilson, C. Chen, and N. A. Ratcliffe Innate Immunity in Insects: The Role of Multiple, Endogenous Serum Lectins in the Recognition of Foreign Invaders in the Cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis J. Immunol., February 1, 1999; 162(3): 1590 - 1596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Kang, G. Liu, A. Lundstrom, E. Gelius, and H. Steiner A peptidoglycan recognition protein in innate immunity conserved from insects to humans PNAS, August 18, 1998; 95(17): 10078 - 10082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.-M. Choe, T. Werner, S. Stoven, D. Hultmark, and K. V. Anderson Requirement for a Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein (PGRP) in Relish Activation and Antibacterial Immune Responses in Drosophila Science, April 12, 2002; 296(5566): 359 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Liu, E. Gelius, G. Liu, H. Steiner, and R. Dziarski Mammalian Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein Binds Peptidoglycan with High Affinity, Is Expressed in Neutrophils, and Inhibits Bacterial Growth J. Biol. Chem., August 4, 2000; 275(32): 24490 - 24499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-Q. Yu and M. R. Kanost Immulectin-2, a Lipopolysaccharide-specific Lectin from an Insect, Manduca sexta, Is Induced in Response to Gram-negative Bacteria J. Biol. Chem., November 22, 2000; 275(48): 37373 - 37381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Liu, Z. Xu, D. Gupta, and R. Dziarski Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins. A NOVEL FAMILY OF FOUR HUMAN INNATE IMMUNITY PATTERN RECOGNITION MOLECULES J. Biol. Chem., September 7, 2001; 276(37): 34686 - 34694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| All ASBMB Journals | Molecular and Cellular Proteomics |
| Journal of Lipid Research | ASBMB Today |