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(Received for publication, January 22, 1996, and in revised form, March 25, 1996)
From the Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a DNA-binding
complex implicated in the regulation of gene expression by oxygen, has
been shown to consist of a heterodimer of two basic helix-loop-helix
Per-AHR-ARNT-Sim (PAS) proteins, HIF-1
Volume 271, Number 25,
Issue of June 21, 1996
pp. 15117-15123
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
STUDIES IN ARNT-DEFICIENT CELLS
,
,
,
Erythropoietin Group, Institute of Molecular
Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
the '' Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Jonsson
Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical School, UCLA,
Los Angeles, California 90095
, and HIF-1
. One partner,
HIF-1, had been recognized previously as the aryl hydrocarbon
receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), an essential component of the
xenobiotic response. In the present work, ARNT-deficient mutant cells,
originally derived from the mouse hepatoma line Hepa1c1c7, have been
used to analyze the role of ARNT/HIF-1 in oxygen-regulated gene
expression. Two stimuli were examined: hypoxia itself and
desferrioxamine, an iron-chelating agent that also activates HIF-1.
Induction of the DNA binding and transcriptional activity of HIF-1 was
absent in the mutant cells, indicating an essential role for
ARNT/HIF-1. Analysis of deleted ARNT/HIF-1 genes indicated that
the basic, helix-loop-helix, and PAS domains, but not the amino or
carboxyl termini, were necessary for function in the response to
hypoxia. Comparison of gene expression in wild type and mutant cells
demonstrated the critical importance of ARNT/HIF-1 in the hypoxic
induction of a wide variety of genes. Nevertheless, for some genes a
reduced response to hypoxia and desferrioxamine persisted in these
mutant cells, clearly distinguishing
ARNT/HIF-1-dependent and ARNT/HIF-1-independent
mechanisms of gene activation by both these stimuli.
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