Volume 271, Number 32, Issue of August 9, 1996 pp. 19599-19605
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

---

Purification of the pets Factor
A NUCLEAR PROTEIN THAT BINDS TO THE INDUCIBLE TG-RICH ELEMENT OF THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 2 ENHANCER

(Received for publication, May 1, 1996, and in revised form, May 23, 1996)

Glenn K. Fu ^§ and David M. Markovitz

From the  Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642 and the ^§ Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029

The peri-ets (pets) site is a TG-rich element found immediately adjacent to two binding sites for the ets family member Elf-1 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) enhancer. Enhancer activation in response to T cell stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate, phytohemagglutinin, soluble or cross-linked antibodies to the T cell receptor, or antigen is mediated through this site in conjunction with its two adjacent Elf-1 binding sites, PuB1 and PuB2, and a B site. Site-specific mutation of the pets element significantly reduces inducible activation of this enhancer but does not affect its transactivation by HIV-2 tat or other viral transactivators. Similar TG-rich sequences adjacent to ets-binding sites have also been found to be functionally important in the human T-cell leukemia virus type I and murine Moloney leukemia virus enhancers. As the cellular factor binding to the pets site plays a significant role in regulating the HIV-2 enhancer in both T cells and monocytes, we have purified this protein from bovine spleens and demonstrate that it is 43 kDa in size. In addition, using glycerol gradient centrifugation, Southwestern blotting, electrophoretic mobility shift assays employing purified protein eluted from a gel, and a new in solution UV cross-linking competitive assay, we show that the dominant protein binding to the pets site is 43 kDa in size. These results indicate that a nuclear protein of 43 kDa binds specifically to the pets site of the HIV-2 enhancer and may mediate transcriptional activation of this important human pathogen in response to T cell stimulation. As retroviruses generally expropriate important human regulatory proteins for their own use, the 43-kDa pets factor is also likely to play a significant role in signal transduction in T cells and in other cellular processes.

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. Mor-Vaknin, A. Punturieri, K. Sitwala, N. Faulkner, M. Legendre, M. S. Khodadoust, F. Kappes, J. H. Ruth, A. Koch, D. Glass, et al. The DEK Nuclear Autoantigen Is a Secreted Chemotactic Factor Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2006; 26(24): 9484 - 9496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Devany, N. P. Kotharu, and H. Matsuo Solution NMR structure of the C-terminal domain of the human protein DEK Protein Sci., August 1, 2004; 13(8): 2252 - 2259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Kappes, C. Damoc, R. Knippers, M. Przybylski, L. A. Pinna, and C. Gruss Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase CK2 Changes the DNA Binding Properties of the Human Chromatin Protein DEK Mol. Cell. Biol., July 1, 2004; 24(13): 6011 - 6020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Waldmann, M. Baack, N. Richter, and C. Gruss Structure-specific binding of the proto-oncogene protein DEK to DNA Nucleic Acids Res., December 1, 2003; 31(23): 7003 - 7010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Krithivas, M. Fujimuro, M. Weidner, D. B. Young, and S. D. Hayward Protein Interactions Targeting the Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus to Cell Chromosomes J. Virol., October 11, 2002; 76(22): 11596 - 11604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Waldmann, C. Eckerich, M. Baack, and C. Gruss The Ubiquitous Chromatin Protein DEK Alters the Structure of DNA by Introducing Positive Supercoils J. Biol. Chem., July 5, 2002; 277(28): 24988 - 24994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Smith, S. D. Gitlin, C. M. Browning, B. R. Lane, N. M. Clark, N. Shah, S. Rainier, and D. M. Markovitz GLI-2 Modulates Retroviral Gene Expression J. Virol., March 1, 2001; 75(5): 2301 - 2313. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Pohlmann, S. Floss, P. O. Ilyinskii, T. Stamminger, and F. Kirchhoff Sequences Just Upstream of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Core Enhancer Allow Efficient Replication in the Absence of NF-kappa B and Sp1 Binding Elements J. Virol., July 1, 1998; 72(7): 5589 - 5598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Klinge, B. F. Silver, M. D. Driscoll, G. Sathya, R. A. Bambara, and R. Hilf Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter-Transcription Factor Interacts with Estrogen Receptor, Binds to Estrogen Response Elements and Half-Sites, and Inhibits Estrogen-induced Gene Expression J. Biol. Chem., December 12, 1997; 272(50): 31465 - 31474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. K. Fu, G. Grosveld, and D. M. Markovitz DEK, an autoantigen involved in a chromosomal translocation in acute myelogenous leukemia, binds to the HIV-2 enhancer PNAS, March 4, 1997; 94(5): 1811 - 1815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. K. Fu, M. J. Smith, and D. M. Markovitz Bacterial Protease Lon Is a Site-specific DNA-binding Protein J. Biol. Chem., January 3, 1997; 272(1): 534 - 538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. E. Faulkner, J. M. Hilfinger, and D. M. Markovitz Protein Phosphatase 2A Activates the HIV-2 Promoter through Enhancer Elements That Include the pets Site J. Biol. Chem., July 6, 2001; 276(28): 25804 - 25812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]