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Volume 271, Number 33,
Issue of August 16, 1996
pp. 20009-20017
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Identification and Characterization of a Gene Encoding a
Gut-enriched Krüppel-like Factor Expressed during Growth
Arrest
(Received for publication, December 29, 1995, and in revised form, April 16, 1996)
Janiel M.
Shields
,
Robert J.
Christy
¶
and
Vincent W.
Yang

From the Departments of Medicine and
Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and the ¶ Center for Molecular
Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health
Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78250
A cDNA clone, named gut-enriched
Krüppel-like factor (GKLF), was isolated from an NIH
3T3 library using a probe encoding the zinc finger region of the
immediate-early transcription factor zif/268. The deduced GKLF amino
acid sequence contains three tandem zinc fingers that are related to
members of the Krüppel family of transcription factors. By
indirect immunofluorescence, GKLF is localized to the cell nucleus. In
cultured fibroblasts, GKLF mRNA is found in high levels
in growth-arrested cells and is nearly undetectable in cells that are
in the exponential phase of proliferation. The growth-arresting nature
of GKLF is demonstrated by an inhibition of DNA synthesis in cells
transfected with a GKLF-expressing plasmid construct. In
the mouse, GKLF mRNA is present in select tissues and
is most abundant in the colon, followed by the testis, lung, and small
intestine. In situ hybridization experiments indicate that
GKLF mRNA is enriched in epithelial cells located in
the middle to upper crypt region of the colonic mucosa. Taken together,
these results suggest that GKLF is potentially a negative regulator of
cell growth in tissues such as the gut mucosa, where cell proliferation
is intimately coupled to growth arrest and differentiation.

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B. F. Hinnebusch, A. Siddique, J. W. Henderson, M. S. Malo, W. Zhang, C. P. Athaide, M. A. Abedrapo, X. Chen, V. W. Yang, and R. A. Hodin
Enterocyte differentiation marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase is a target gene of the gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,
January 1, 2004;
286(1):
G23 - G30.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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B. Kim, S. Bang, S. Lee, S. Kim, Y. Jung, C. Lee, K. Choi, S.-G. Lee, K. Lee, Y. Lee, et al.
Expression Profiling and Subtype-Specific Expression of Stomach Cancer
Cancer Res.,
December 1, 2003;
63(23):
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[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Y. Liu, S. Sinha, and G. Owens
A Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Control Element Required for SM {alpha}-Actin Expression in Vivo Also Partially Mediates GKLF-dependent Transcriptional Repression
J. Biol. Chem.,
November 28, 2003;
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[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. Jaubert, J. Cheng, and J. A. Segre
Ectopic expression of Kruppel like factor 4 (Klf4) accelerates formation of the epidermal permeability barrier
Development,
June 15, 2003;
130(12):
2767 - 2777.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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H. S. Yoon, X. Chen, and V. W. Yang
Kruppel-like Factor 4 Mediates p53-dependent G1/S Cell Cycle Arrest in Response to DNA Damage
J. Biol. Chem.,
January 17, 2003;
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[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Z. Y. Chen, J.-L. Shie, and C.-C. Tseng
Gut-enriched Kruppel-like Factor Represses Ornithine Decarboxylase Gene Expression and Functions as Checkpoint Regulator in Colonic Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem.,
November 22, 2002;
277(48):
46831 - 46839.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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K. Yasuda, K. Hirayoshi, H. Hirata, H. Kubota, N. Hosokawa, and K. Nagata
The Kruppel-like Factor Zf9 and Proteins in the Sp1 Family Regulate the Expression of HSP47, a Collagen-specific Molecular Chaperone
J. Biol. Chem.,
November 15, 2002;
277(47):
44613 - 44622.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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C. N. Johnstone, S. J. White, N. C. Tebbutt, F. J. Clay, M. Ernst, W. H. Biggs, C. S. Viars, S. Czekay, K. C. Arden, and J. K. Heath
Analysis of the Regulation of the A33 Antigen Gene Reveals Intestine-specific Mechanisms of Gene Expression
J. Biol. Chem.,
September 6, 2002;
277(37):
34531 - 34539.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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D. T. Dang, W. Zhao, C. S. Mahatan, D. E. Geiman, and V. W. Yang
Opposing effects of Kruppel-like factor 4 (gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor) and Kruppel-like factor 5 (intestinal-enriched Kruppel-like factor) on the promoter of the Kruppel-like factor 4 gene
Nucleic Acids Res.,
July 1, 2002;
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[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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Y. Higaki, D. Schullery, Y. Kawata, M. Shnyreva, C. Abrass, and K. Bomsztyk
Synergistic activation of the rat laminin {gamma}1 chain promoter by the gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor (GKLF/KLF4) and Sp1
Nucleic Acids Res.,
June 1, 2002;
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[Abstract]
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C. Ratineau, M. W. Petry, H. Mutoh, and A. B. Leiter
Cyclin D1 Represses the Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor, BETA2/NeuroD
J. Biol. Chem.,
March 8, 2002;
277(11):
8847 - 8853.
[Abstract]
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N. Lei and L. L. Heckert
Sp1 and Egr1 Regulate Transcription of the Dmrt1 Gene in Sertoli Cells
Biol Reprod,
March 1, 2002;
66(3):
675 - 684.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. P. Katz, N. Perreault, B. G. Goldstein, C. S. Lee, P. A. Labosky, V. W. Yang, and K. H. Kaestner
The zinc-finger transcription factor Klf4 is required for terminal differentiation of goblet cells in the colon
Development,
January 6, 2002;
129(11):
2619 - 2628.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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W. Zhang, T. Kuncewicz, S. C. Higham, and B. C. Kone
Structure, Promoter Analysis, and Chromosomal Localization of the Murine H+/K+-ATPase {alpha}2 Subunit Gene
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.,
December 1, 2001;
12(12):
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[Abstract]
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K. A. Miller, E. A. Eklund, M. L. Peddinghaus, Z. Cao, N. Fernandes, P. W. Turk, B. Thimmapaya, and S. A. Weitzman
Kruppel-like Factor 4 Regulates Laminin alpha 3A Expression in Mammary Epithelial Cells
J. Biol. Chem.,
November 9, 2001;
276(46):
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L. J. Landesberg, R. Ramalingam, K. Lee, T. K. Rosengart, and R. G. Crystal
Upregulation of transcription factors in lung in the early phase of postpneumonectomy lung growth
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,
November 1, 2001;
281(5):
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[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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A. C. Oates, S. J. Pratt, B. Vail, Y.-l. Yan, R. K. Ho, S. L. Johnson, J. H. Postlethwait, and L. I. Zon
The zebrafish klf gene family
Blood,
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[Abstract]
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J.-S. Zhang, M. C. Moncrieffe, J. Kaczynski, V. Ellenrieder, F. G. Prendergast, and R. Urrutia
A Conserved {alpha}-Helical Motif Mediates the Interaction of Sp1-Like Transcriptional Repressors with the Corepressor mSin3A
Mol. Cell. Biol.,
August 1, 2001;
21(15):
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[Abstract]
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W. Zhang, S. Kadam, B. M. Emerson, and J. J. Bieker
Site-Specific Acetylation by p300 or CREB Binding Protein Regulates Erythroid Kruppel-Like Factor Transcriptional Activity via Its Interaction with the SWI-SNF Complex
Mol. Cell. Biol.,
April 1, 2001;
21(7):
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[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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K. A. Dellow, P. K. Bhavsar, N. J. Brand, and P. J.R. Barton
Identification of novel, cardiac-restricted transcription factors binding to a CACC-box within the human cardiac troponin I promoter
Cardiovasc Res,
April 1, 2001;
50(1):
24 - 33.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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L Lei, L Ma, S Nef, T Thai, and L. Parada
mKlf7, a potential transcriptional regulator of TrkA nerve growth factor receptor expression in sensory and sympathetic neurons
Development,
January 4, 2001;
128(7):
1147 - 1158.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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K. W. Foster, A. R. Frost, P. McKie-Bell, C.-Y. Lin, J. A. Engler, W. E. Grizzle, and J. M. Ruppert
Increase of GKLF Messenger RNA and Protein Expression during Progression of Breast Cancer
Cancer Res.,
November 1, 2000;
60(22):
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[Abstract]
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K. Tanimoto, Q. Liu, F. Grosveld, J. Bungert, and J. D. Engel
Context-dependent EKLF responsiveness defines the developmental specificity of the human varepsilon -globin gene in erythroid cells of YAC transgenic mice
Genes & Dev.,
November 1, 2000;
14(21):
2778 - 2794.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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S. Uchida, Y. Tanaka, H. Ito, F. Saitoh-Ohara, J. Inazawa, K. K. Yokoyama, S. Sasaki, and F. Marumo
Transcriptional Regulation of the CLC-K1 Promoter by myc-Associated Zinc Finger Protein and Kidney-Enriched Kruppel-Like Factor, a Novel Zinc Finger Repressor
Mol. Cell. Biol.,
October 1, 2000;
20(19):
7319 - 7331.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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H. Asano, X. S. Li, and G. Stamatoyannopoulos
FKLF-2: a novel Kruppel-like transcriptional factor that activates globin and other erythroid lineage genes
Blood,
June 1, 2000;
95(11):
3578 - 3584.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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D. E. Geiman, H. Ton-That, J. M. Johnson, and V. W. Yang
Transactivation and growth suppression by the gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor (Kruppel-like factor 4) are dependent on acidic amino acid residues and protein-protein interaction
Nucleic Acids Res.,
March 1, 2000;
28(5):
1106 - 1113.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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K. P. Anderson, S. C. Crable, and J. B. Lingrel
The GATA-E box-GATA motif in the EKLF promoter is required for in vivo expression
Blood,
March 1, 2000;
95(5):
1652 - 1655.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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S. Kojima, S. Hayashi, K. Shimokado, Y. Suzuki, J. Shimada, M. P. Crippa, and S. L. Friedman
Transcriptional activation of urokinase by the Kruppel-like factor Zf9/COPEB activates latent TGF-beta 1 in vascular endothelial cells
Blood,
February 15, 2000;
95(4):
1309 - 1316.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. Kawai-Kowase, M. Kurabayashi, Y. Hoshino, Y. Ohyama, and R. Nagai
Transcriptional Activation of the Zinc Finger Transcription Factor BTEB2 Gene by Egr-1 Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Circ. Res.,
October 29, 1999;
85(9):
787 - 795.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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D. Tavares, K. Tully, and P. R. Dobner
Sequences Required for Induction of Neurotensin Receptor Gene Expression during Neuronal Differentiation of N1E-115 Neuroblastoma Cells
J. Biol. Chem.,
October 15, 1999;
274(42):
30066 - 30079.
[Abstract]
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[PDF]
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T. Cook, B. Gebelein, M. Belal, K. Mesa, and R. Urrutia
Three Conserved Transcriptional Repressor Domains Are a Defining Feature of the TIEG Subfamily of Sp1-like Zinc Finger Proteins
J. Biol. Chem.,
October 8, 1999;
274(41):
29500 - 29504.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. A. Wani, S. E. Wert, and J. B Lingrel
Lung Kruppel-like Factor, a Zinc Finger Transcription Factor, Is Essential for Normal Lung Development
J. Biol. Chem.,
July 23, 1999;
274(30):
21180 - 21185.
[Abstract]
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N. Watanabe, M. Kurabayashi, Y. Shimomura, K. Kawai-Kowase, Y.-i. Hoshino, I. Manabe, M. Watanabe, M. Aikawa, M. Kuro-o, T. Suzuki, et al.
BTEB2, a Kruppel-Like Transcription Factor, Regulates Expression of the SMemb/Nonmuscle Myosin Heavy Chain B (SMemb/NMHC-B) Gene
Circ. Res.,
July 23, 1999;
85(2):
182 - 191.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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K. W. Foster, S. Ren, I. D. Louro, S. M. Lobo-Ruppert, P. McKie-Bell, W. Grizzle, M. R. Hayes, T. R. Broker, L. T. Chow, and J. M. Ruppert
Oncogene Expression Cloning by Retroviral Transduction of Adenovirus E1A-immortalized Rat Kidney RK3E Cells: Transformation of a Host with Epithelial Features by c-MYC and the Zinc Finger Protein GKLF
Cell Growth Differ.,
June 1, 1999;
10(6):
423 - 434.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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H. Asano, X. S. Li, and G. Stamatoyannopoulos
FKLF, a Novel Kruppel-Like Factor That Activates Human Embryonic and Fetal beta -Like Globin Genes
Mol. Cell. Biol.,
May 1, 1999;
19(5):
3571 - 3579.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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P. A. Xu, J. H. Winston, S. K. Datta, and R. E. Kellems
Regulation of Forestomach-specific Expression of the Murine Adenosine Deaminase Gene
J. Biol. Chem.,
April 9, 1999;
274(15):
10316 - 10323.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. Prasad, V. Kumar, R. Kumar, and K. P. Singh
Thyroid hormones modulate zinc transport activity of rat intestinal and renal brush-border membrane
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,
April 1, 1999;
276(4):
E774 - E782.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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N. Matsumoto, F. Laub, R. Aldabe, W. Zhang, F. Ramirez, T. Yoshida, and M. Terada
Cloning the cDNA for a New Human Zinc Finger Protein Defines a Group of Closely Related Kruppel-like Transcription Factors
J. Biol. Chem.,
October 23, 1998;
273(43):
28229 - 28237.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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T. Cook, B. Gebelein, K. Mesa, A. Mladek, and R. Urrutia
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of TIEG2 Reveals a New Subfamily of Transforming Growth Factor-beta -inducible Sp1-like Zinc Finger-encoding Genes Involved in the Regulation of Cell Growth
J. Biol. Chem.,
October 2, 1998;
273(40):
25929 - 25936.
[Abstract]
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N. Gillemans, R. Tewari, F. Lindeboom, R. Rottier, T. de Wit, M. Wijgerde, F. Grosveld, and S. Philipsen
Altered DNA-binding specificity mutants of EKLF and Sp1 show that EKLF is an activator of the beta -globin locus control region in vivo
Genes & Dev.,
September 15, 1998;
12(18):
2863 - 2873.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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W. Zhang, J. M. Shields, K. Sogawa, Y. Fujii-Kuriyama, and V. W. Yang
The Gut-enriched Kruppel-like Factor Suppresses the Activity of the CYP1A1 Promoter in an Sp1-dependent Fashion
J. Biol. Chem.,
July 10, 1998;
273(28):
17917 - 17925.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Copyright © 1996 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
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