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Volume 271, Number 36, Issue of September 6, 1996 pp. 21752-21757
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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Substrate Recognition by Tissue Factor-Factor VIIa
EVIDENCE FOR INTERACTION OF RESIDUES Lys¹⁶⁵ AND Lys¹⁶⁶ OF TISSUE FACTOR WITH THE 4-CARBOXYGLUTAMATE-RICH DOMAIN OF FACTOR X

(Received for publication, October 30, 1995, and in revised form, March 26, 1996)

Qiuling Huang ^§ , Pierre F. Neuenschwander ^§ , Alireza R. Rezaie ^§ and James H. Morrissey ^§

From the  Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and the ^§ Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104

Tissue factor (TF) is the protein cofactor for factor VIIa (FVIIa), the first serine protease of the clotting cascade. Previous studies using alanine mutagenesis have identified TF residues Lys¹⁶⁵ and Lys¹⁶⁶ as important for factor X (FX) activation, hypothesizing either that these residues interact with phospholipid head groups or that they directly or indirectly promote macromolecular substrate binding. In the recently reported x-ray crystal structure of the isolated extracellular domain of TF, both Lys¹⁶⁵ and Lys¹⁶⁶ are solvent-exposed and predicted to be near the phospholipid surface in intact TF. We hypothesized that these residues may in fact be ideally positioned to interact with the 4-carboxyglutamate-rich domain (Gla domain) of FX. We therefore predicted that mutations at Lys¹⁶⁵ and Lys¹⁶⁶ should have no effect on the activation of Gla domainless FX. To test this hypothesis, we mutated both residues Lys¹⁶⁵ and Lys¹⁶⁶ of TF to Ala, Glu, or Gln and examined the ability of these double mutants to support FVIIa-mediated activation of FX, Gla domainless FX, and factor IX (FIX). Each TF mutant was equivalent to wild-type TF in both FVIIa binding and promotion of FVIIa amidolytic activity. However, all three mutants were markedly deficient in supporting FIX and FX activation, with FX activation rates decreased more than FIX activation rates. In both reactions, the TF mutants exhibited different extents of activity: Gln¹⁶⁵-Gln¹⁶⁶ > Ala¹⁶⁵-Ala¹⁶⁶ > Glu¹⁶⁵-Glu¹⁶⁶. In sharp contrast, all three TF mutants were equivalent to wild-type TF in supporting activation of Gla domainless FX by FVIIa. Interestingly, the deficiency of the mutants in FX activation was less pronounced when Gla domainless FVIIa was used in place of native FVIIa. Together, these findings suggest that TF residues Lys¹⁶⁵ and Lys¹⁶⁶ contribute to a binding site for the Gla domain of FX (and perhaps other substrates) and that this interaction may be facilitated by the presence of the Gla domain of FVIIa.

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