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(Received for publication, June 7, 1996, and in revised form, June 27, 1996)
From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
Akt is a serine/threonine kinase that is
stimulated by receptor tyrosine kinases and contains a pleckstrin
homology domain. One model proposed to explain this activation suggests
that receptor tyrosine kinases stimulate a phosphatidylinositol
3-kinase whose lipid products directly activate Akt kinase by
interacting with its pleckstrin homology domain. In the present study,
we show, in three cell types, that Akt does not require its pleckstrin
homology domain to respond to either insulin or platelet-derived growth
factor. Moreover, attachment of the src myristoylation
signal to target Akt, without its pleckstrin homology domain, to the
membrane constitutively activates Akt by causing an increase in its
basal level of phosphorylation. This constitutively active form of Akt
can also activate p70S6K, indicating that the pleckstrin
homology domain is not necessary for downstream interactions. Fusion of
the inter src homology 2 domain from the p85 regulatory
subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to Akt also constitutively
activated Akt and induced an association with the lipid kinase.
Phosphorylation of this fusion protein still critically contributes
toward its increased activity. The sum of these results indicates that
the primary mechanism of Akt activation is via protein
phosphorylation.
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