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(Received for publication, June 28, 1996, and in revised form, August 29, 1996)
From the Department of Cancer, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases,
Central Research, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
Interleukin (IL)-1
Volume 271, Number 47,
Issue of November 22, 1996
pp. 29830-29838
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Posttranslational Processing
EVIDENCE OF A VOLUME-REGULATED RESPONSE
produced by monocytes and
macrophages is not released via the normal secretory apparatus, and
prior to its release, this cytokine must be proteolytically processed
to generate a mature biologically active species. Biochemical
mechanisms that regulate these posttranslational steps are not well
understood. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a poor activator of IL-1
posttranslational processing despite serving as a potent inducer of
IL-1 synthesis. For example, freshly isolated human monocytes treated
with LPS released <30% of their newly synthesized IL-1
as the
mature 17-kDa cytokine species, and monocytes that were aged overnight
in culture prior to LPS treatment released no 17-kDa cytokine. In
contrast, addition of extracellular ATP promoted IL-1
posttranslational processing from both monocyte populations. Previous
studies indicated that ATP, acting via surface P2Z-type
receptors, promoted major intracellular ionic changes. To explore
whether these ionic changes were required for cytokine
posttranslational processing, LPS-stimulated human monocytes were
maintained in ionically altered media. Hypotonic conditions promoted an
efficient and selective release of mature 17-kDa IL-1
from
LPS-activated monocytes in the absence of ATP. In contrast, hypertonic
conditions blocked the ATP-induced posttranslational processing
reactions. Both hypotonic stress- and ATP-induced processing were
blocked when NaI was substituted for NaCl within the medium; substitution with NaSCN or NaNO3 also blocked the ATP
response, but these salts were less inhibitory against the hypotonic
stimulus. Sodium glucuronate substitution did not inhibit cytokine
processing induced by either stimulus. Removal of divalent cations from
the medium did not affect the ATP response, but pretreatment of
monocytes with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid
dose-dependently suppressed ATP-induced IL-1
posttranslational processing. A volume-induced change to the
intracellular ionic environment, therefore, may represent a key element
of the mechanism by which IL-1
posttranslational processing is
initiated. The strong dependence of this cytokine release mechanism on
chloride anions suggests that selective anion transporters function as
important components of this response.
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