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Volume 271, Number 48, Issue of November 29, 1996 pp. 30709-30716
©1996 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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Protein Unfolding by Peptidylarginine Deiminase
SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY AND STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE NATURAL SUBSTRATES TRICHOHYALIN AND FILAGGRIN

(Received for publication, September 13, 1995, and in revised form, May 28, 1996)

Edit Tarcsa , Lyuben N. Marekov , Giampiero Mei , Gerry Melino , Seung-Chul Lee and Peter M. Steinert

From the Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,  Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Biochemistry Laboratories at Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, and Department of Biology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, Italy

Peptidylarginine deiminases, which are commonly found in mammalian cells, catalyze the deimination of protein-bound arginine residues to citrullines. However, very little is known about their substrate requirements and the significance or consequences of this postsynthetic modification. We have explored this reaction in vitro with two known substrates filaggrin and trichohyalin. First, the degree and rate of modification of arginines to citrullines directly correlates with the structural order of the substrate. In filaggrin, which has little structural order, the reaction proceeded rapidly to >95% completion. However, in the highly -helical protein trichohyalin, the reaction proceeded slowly to about 25% and could be forced to a maximum of about 65%. Second, the rate and degree of modification depends on the sequence location of the target arginines. Third, we show by gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy that the reaction interferes with organized protein structure: the net formation of 10% citrulline results in protein denaturation. Cyanate modification of the lysines in model -helix-rich proteins to homocitrullines also results in loss of organized structure. These data suggest that the ureido group on the citrulline formed by the peptidylarginine deiminase enzyme modification functions to unfold proteins due to decrease in net charge, loss of potential ionic bonds, and interference with H bonds.

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