| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
(Received for publication, June 10, 1996, and in revised form, October 23, 1996)
From the Sir Donald and Lady Trescowthick Research Laboratories,
Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Locked Bag No. 1, A'Beckett
Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
We have investigated the function and
sequence specificity of DNA methylation in the hypermethylated CpG
island promoter region of the endogenous human LINE-1 (L1)
retrotransposon family. In nontransformed human embryonic fibroblasts,
inhibition of DNA methylation with 5-azadeoxycytidine induced a greater
than 4-fold increase in transcription from potentially functional L1
elements without increasing the transcription level of the majority of degenerate elements, implicating hypermethylation in the repression of
L1 activity. Using bisulfite genomic sequencing to assess the pattern
of methylation in a subset of nondegenerate L1 elements, we found 29 sites within a 460-base pair region of the noncoding (top) DNA strand
of the L1 promoter in which cytosine methylation was maintained with
high efficiency. Of these, 25 were at CG dinucleotides and four were in
non-CG sites. When the methylation sites were analyzed for the
complementary (bottom) strand, the only highly conserved sites of
methylation were in CG dinucleotides. Several of these sites of CG
methylation in the bottom (coding) strand were at positions where top
(noncoding) strand-derived sequences were unmethylated, suggesting that
these sites might be maintained in a hemi-methylated state. Hence,
there is a subset of human L1 elements in which methylation is
efficiently maintained in asymmetric non-CG sites and further that this
non-CG methylation may be part of a wider phenomenon involving
hemi-methylation at CG dinucleotides. Maintenance of asymmetric
methylation at non-CG sites (and possibly at hemi-methylated CG
dinucleotides) could be through a novel DNA methyltransferase activity.
Alternatively, the promoter region of L1 elements may be induced by
factor binding to form some type of secondary structure that presents
as a highly efficient substrate for de novo
methylation.
Volume 272, Number 12,
Issue of March 21, 1997
pp. 7810-7816
©1997 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J.-C. Walser, L. Ponger, and A. V. Furano CpG dinucleotides and the mutation rate of non-CpG DNA Genome Res., September 1, 2008; 18(9): 1403 - 1414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. C. Matouk and P. A. Marsden Epigenetic Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Gene Expression Circ. Res., April 25, 2008; 102(8): 873 - 887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.J. Marques, P. Costa, B. Vaz, F. Carvalho, S. Fernandes, A. Barros, and M. Sousa Abnormal methylation of imprinted genes in human sperm is associated with oligozoospermia Mol. Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2008; 14(2): 67 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Teneng, V. Stribinskis, and K. S. Ramos Context-specific regulation of LINE-1 Genes Cells, October 1, 2007; 12(10): 1101 - 1110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Shevchuk, L. Kretzner, K. Munson, J. Axume, J. Clark, O. V. Dyachenko, M. Caudill, Y. Buryanov, and S. S. Smith Transgene-induced CCWGG methylation does not alter CG methylation patterning in human kidney cells Nucleic Acids Res., October 24, 2005; 33(19): 6124 - 6136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Imamura, A. Kerjean, T. Heams, J.-J. Kupiec, C. Thenevin, and A. Paldi Dynamic CpG and Non-CpG Methylation of the Peg1/Mest Gene in the Mouse Oocyte and Preimplantation Embryo J. Biol. Chem., May 20, 2005; 280(20): 20171 - 20175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. F. Burden, N. C. Manley, A. D. Clark, S. M. Gartler, C. D. Laird, and R. S. Hansen Hemimethylation and Non-CpG Methylation Levels in a Promoter Region of Human LINE-1 (L1) Repeated Elements J. Biol. Chem., April 15, 2005; 280(15): 14413 - 14419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. D. Laird, N. D. Pleasant, A. D. Clark, J. L. Sneeden, K. M. A. Hassan, N. C. Manley, J. C. Vary Jr., T. Morgan, R. S. Hansen, and R. Stoger From The Cover: Hairpin-bisulfite PCR: Assessing epigenetic methylation patterns on complementary strands of individual DNA molecules PNAS, January 6, 2004; 101(1): 204 - 209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Kunert, J. Marhold, J. Stanke, D. Stach, and F. Lyko A Dnmt2-like protein mediates DNA methylation in Drosophila Development, November 1, 2003; 130(21): 5083 - 5090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Hansen X inactivation-specific methylation of LINE-1 elements by DNMT3B: implications for the Lyon repeat hypothesis Hum. Mol. Genet., October 1, 2003; 12(19): 2559 - 2567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Luo and D. Preuss Strand-biased DNA methylation associated with centromeric regions in Arabidopsis PNAS, September 16, 2003; 100(19): 11133 - 11138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. White, P. M. Watt, B. J. Holt, and P. G. Holt Differential Patterns of Methylation of the IFN-{gamma} Promoter at CpG and Non-CpG Sites Underlie Differences in IFN-{gamma} Gene Expression Between Human Neonatal and Adult CD45RO- T Cells J. Immunol., March 15, 2002; 168(6): 2820 - 2827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Liang, F. A. Gonzales, P. A. Jones, T. F. Orntoft, and T. Thykjaer Analysis of Gene Induction in Human Fibroblasts and Bladder Cancer Cells Exposed to the Methylation Inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine Cancer Res., February 1, 2002; 62(4): 961 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Bird DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory Genes & Dev., January 1, 2002; 16(1): 6 - 21. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Boissinot and A. V. Furano Adaptive Evolution in LINE-1 Retrotransposons Mol. Biol. Evol., December 1, 2001; 18(12): 2186 - 2194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Singal and J. M. vanWert De novo methylation of an embryonic globin gene during normal development is strand specific and spreads from the proximal transcribed region Blood, December 1, 2001; 98(12): 3441 - 3446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Yu, N. Zingler, G. Schumann, and W. H. Stratling Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 represses LINE-1 expression and retrotransposition but not Alu transcription Nucleic Acids Res., November 1, 2001; 29(21): 4493 - 4501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Aoki, I. Suetake, J. Miyagawa, T. Fujio, T. Chijiwa, H. Sasaki, and S. Tajima Enzymatic properties of de novo-type mouse DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases Nucleic Acids Res., September 1, 2001; 29(17): 3506 - 3512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Lorincz and M. Groudine CmC(a/t)GG methylation: A new epigenetic mark in mammalian DNA? PNAS, August 28, 2001; 98(18): 10034 - 10036. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Malone, M. D. Miner, J. R. Doerr, J. P. Jackson, S. E. Jacobsen, R. Wall, and M. Teitell CmC(A/T)GG DNA methylation in mature B cell lymphoma gene silencing PNAS, August 10, 2001; (2001) 181206898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F Costello and C. Plass Methylation matters J. Med. Genet., May 1, 2001; 38(5): 285 - 303. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Speek Antisense Promoter of Human L1 Retrotransposon Drives Transcription of Adjacent Cellular Genes Mol. Cell. Biol., March 15, 2001; 21(6): 1973 - 1985. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. G D'CRUZ, C. BABOONIAN, H. E PHILLIMORE, R. TAYLOR, P. M ELLIOTT, A. VARNAVA, F. DAVISON, W. J MCKENNA, and N. D CARTER Cytosine methylation confers instability on the cardiac troponin T gene in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J. Med. Genet., September 1, 2000; 37(9): 18e - 18. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Takai, Y. Yagi, N. Habib, T. Sugimura, and T. Ushijima Hypomethylation of LINE1 Retrotransposon in Human Hepatocellular Carcinomas, but Not in Surrounding Liver Cirrhosis Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., July 1, 2000; 30(7): 306 - 309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. H. Ramsahoye, D. Biniszkiewicz, F. Lyko, V. Clark, A. P. Bird, and R. Jaenisch Non-CpG methylation is prevalent in embryonic stem cells and may be mediated by DNA methyltransferase 3a PNAS, May 9, 2000; 97(10): 5237 - 5242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Grunau, R. Schattevoy, N. Mache, and A. Rosenthal MethTools--a toolbox to visualize and analyze DNA methylation data Nucleic Acids Res., March 1, 2000; 28(5): 1053 - 1058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yin and K. L. Blanchard DNA methylation represses the expression of the human erythropoietin gene by two different mechanisms Blood, January 1, 2000; 95(1): 111 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Pradhan, A. Bacolla, R. D. Wells, and R. J. Roberts Recombinant Human DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase. I. EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND COMPARISON OF DE NOVO AND MAINTENANCE METHYLATION J. Biol. Chem., November 12, 1999; 274(46): 33002 - 33010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bacolla, S. Pradhan, R. J. Roberts, and R. D. Wells Recombinant Human DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase. II. STEADY-STATE KINETICS REVEAL ALLOSTERIC ACTIVATION BY METHYLATED DNA J. Biol. Chem., November 12, 1999; 274(46): 33011 - 33019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. De Smet, C. Lurquin, B. Lethe, V. Martelange, and T. Boon DNA Methylation Is the Primary Silencing Mechanism for a Set of Germ Line- and Tumor-Specific Genes with a CpG-Rich Promoter Mol. Cell. Biol., November 1, 1999; 19(11): 7327 - 7335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Malone, M. D. Miner, J. R. Doerr, J. P. Jackson, S. E. Jacobsen, R. Wall, and M. Teitell CmC(A/T)GG DNA methylation in mature B cell lymphoma gene silencing PNAS, August 28, 2001; 98(18): 10404 - 10409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| All ASBMB Journals | Molecular and Cellular Proteomics |
| Journal of Lipid Research | ASBMB Today |
