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Volume 272, Number 22, Issue of May 30, 1997 pp. 14062-14066
©1997 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Evolution of a Fetal Expression Pattern via cis Changes near the  Globin Gene

(Received for publication, January 31, 1997, and in revised form, March 20, 1997)

Catherine TomHon , Wei Zhu , David Millinoff , Kenji Hayasaka , Jerry L. Slightom ^§ , Morris Goodman ^¶ and Deborah L. Gumucio

From the  University of Michigan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0616, ^§ Pharmacia and Upjohn Company, Molecular Biology Unit 7242, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007 and the ^¶ Department of Anatomy, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201

One basis for the evolution of organisms is the acquisition of new temporal and spatial domains of gene expression. Such novel expression domains could be generated either by cis sequence changes that alter the complement of trans-acting regulators binding to control elements or by changes in the expression patterns of one or more of the regulatory (trans) factors themselves. The  globin gene is a prime example of a gene that has undergone a distinct change in temporal expression at a defined time in evolution. Approximately 35-55 million years ago, the previously embryonic  gene acquired a fetal expression pattern. This change occurred in a simian primate ancestor after the separation of simian and prosimian primates but before the further separation of the major simian lineages; thus, the (prosimian) galago  gene retains the ancestral embryonic expression pattern, whereas the (simian) human  gene is fetal. This analysis of galago and human  genes in transgenic mice demonstrates that cis changes in sequences within a 4.0-kilobase region surrounding the  gene were responsible for the evolution of a novel fetal expression pattern in the globin genes of simian primates.

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