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Volume 272, Number 32, Issue of August 8, 1997 pp. 19688-19696
©1997 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Shortened Hydroxyacyl Chains on Lipid A of Escherichia coli Cells Expressing a Foreign UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine O-Acyltransferase

(Received for publication, May 2, 1997, and in revised form, May 29, 1997)

Timna J. Odegaard Dagger , Igor A. Kaltashov , Robert J. Cotter , Liana Steeghs par , Peter van der Ley par , Shahid Khan ** , Duncan J. Maskell ** and Christian R. H. Raetz Dagger

From the Dagger  Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, the  Middle Atlantic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, the par  Laboratory of Vaccine Development and Immune Mechanisms, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, and ** The Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom

The first reaction of lipid A biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria is catalyzed by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) O-acyltransferase, the product of the lpxA gene. The reaction involves the transfer of an acyl chain from hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to the glucosamine 3-OH position of UDP-GlcNAc. The lipid A isolated from Escherichia coli contains (R)-3-hydroxymyristate at the 3 and 3' positions. Accordingly, LpxA of E. coli is highly selective for (R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-ACP over ACP thioesters of longer or shorter acyl chains. We now demonstrate that the lpxA gene from Neisseria meningitidis encodes a similar acyltransferase that selectively utilizes 3-hydroxylauroyl-ACP. Strains of E. coli harboring the temperature-sensitive lpxA2 mutation make very little lipid A and lose viability rapidly at 42 °C. We have created an E. coli strain in which the chromosomal lpxA2 mutation is complemented by the N. meningitidis lpxA gene introduced on a plasmid. This strain, RO138/pTO6, grows similarly to wild type cells at 42 °C and produces wild type levels of lipid A. However, the lipid A isolated from RO138/pTO6 contains mostly hydroxylaurate and hydroxydecanoate in the 3 and 3' positions. The strain RO138/pTO6 is more susceptible than wild type to certain antibiotics at 42 °C. This is the first report of an E. coli strain growing with shortened hydroxyacyl chains on its lipid A. The lpxA gene product appears to be a critical determinant of the length of the ester-linked hydroxyacyl chains found on lipid A in living cells.


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