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Volume 272, Number 37, Issue of September 12, 1997 pp. 22979-22982
©1997 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

COMMUNICATION:
A Novel G_o-mediated Phototransduction Cascade in Scallop Visual Cells

(Received for publication, May 28, 1997, and in revised form, July 12, 1997)

Daisuke Kojima , Akihisa Terakita , Toru Ishikawa , Yasuo Tsukahara , Akio Maeda and Yoshinori Shichida

From the  Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan and the  Photodynamics Research Center, The Institute of Chemical and Physical Research (RIKEN), Sendai 980, Japan

Scallop retinas contain ciliary photoreceptor cells that respond to light by hyperpolarization like vertebrate rods and cones, but the response is generated by a different phototransduction cascade from those of rods and cones. To elucidate the cascade, we investigated a visual pigment and a G-protein functioning in the hyperpolarizing cell. Sequencing of cDNAs and in situ hybridization experiments showed that the hyperpolarizing cells express a novel subtype of visual pigment, which showed significant differences in amino acid sequence from other visual pigments. Cloning cDNA genes of G-protein and immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of an alpha subunit of a G_o type G-protein, 83% identical in amino acid sequence to mammalian G_o() in the nervous system, in the photoreceptive region of the cells. The results demonstrate that a novel, G_o-mediated, phototransduction cascade is present in the hyperpolarizing cells. The phototransduction cascade in the scallop hyperpolarizing cell provides an alternative system to investigate G_o-mediated transduction pathways in the nervous system. Molecular phylogenetic analysis strongly suggests that the G_o-mediated phototransduction system emerged before the divergence of animals into vertebrate and invertebrate in the course of evolution.

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