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Volume 272, Number 50, Issue of December 12, 1997 pp. 31475-31481

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) Gene Transcription and Hyperglycemia Are Regulated by Glucocorticoids in Genetically Obese db/db Transgenic Mice

(Received for publication, August 22, 1997, and in revised form, September 19, 1997)

Jacob E. Friedman , Yang Sun , Tatsuya Ishizuka , Craig J. Farrell , Shana E. McCormack , Lisa M. Herron , Parvin Hakimi ^** , Pamela Lechner ^** and Jeung S. Yun

From the Departments of  Nutrition and ^** Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935 and the  Edison Animal Biotechnology Center, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45107

The molecular mechanisms underlying increased hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene transcription and gluconeogenesis in type II diabetes are largely unknown. To examine the involvement of glucocorticoids and the cis-acting insulin response sequence (IRS, 416/407) in the genetically obese db/db mouse model, we generated crosses between C57BL/KsJ-db/+ mice and transgenic mice that express 460 or 2000 base pairs of the rat PEPCK gene promoter containing an intact or mutated IRS, linked to a reporter gene. Transgenic mice expressing the intact PEPCK(460)-CRP (C-reactive protein) transgene bred to near homozygosity at the db locus were obese, hyperinsulinemic, and developed fasting hyperglycemia (389 ± 26 mg/100 ml) between 4 and 10 weeks of age. Levels of CRP reporter gene expression were increased 2-fold despite severe hyperinsulinemia compared with non-diabetic non-obese transgenic mice. Reporter gene expression was also increased 2-fold in transgenic obese diabetic db/db mice bearing a mutation in the IRS, 2000(IRS)-hGx, compared with non-obese non-diabetic transgenic 2000(IRS)-hGx mice. Treatment of obese diabetic db/db transgenic mice with the glucocorticoid receptor blocker RU 486 decreased plasma glucose by 50% and reduced PEPCK, GLUT2, glucose-6-phosphatase, tyrosine aminotransferase, CRP, and hGx reporter gene expression to levels similar to those of non-obese normoglycemic transgenic mice. Taken together, these results establish that 460 bp of 5-flanking sequence is sufficient to mediate the induction of PEPCK gene transcription in genetically obese db/db mice during the development of hyperglycemia. The results further demonstrate that the mechanism underlying increased expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the db/db mouse requires the action of glucocorticoids and occurs independently of factors acting through the PEPCK IRS (416/407) promoter binding site.

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