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(Received for publication, June 19, 1996, and in revised form, November 7, 1996)
From the a Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor
Immunology and Biology, NIC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland 20892, the b ICRF Oncology Unit, Hammersmith Hospital,
London, United Kingdom, the c Department of Pathology, BML-350,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, the e Friedrich Meischer-Institut, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland,
the f Istituto Internazionale di Genetica e Biofisca, Naples,
Italy, the g Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Research Center,
Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20007, the h Oncologia
Sperimentale d Istituto Nazionale Per lo Studio e La Cura, Dei
Tumori-Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy, and the j Cattedra di
Oncologia Medica, II Facoltá di Medicina e Chirurgia,
Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,
80131 Naples, Italy
Cripto-1 (CR-1), a recently discovered protein of
the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, was found to interact with a
high affinity, saturable binding site(s) on HC-11 mouse mammary
epithelial cells and on several different human breast cancer cell
lines. This receptor exhibits specificity for CR-1, since other
EGF-related peptides including EGF, transforming growth factor
,
heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, amphiregulin, epiregulin,
betacellulin, or heregulin
1 that bind to either the EGF receptor or
to other type 1 receptor tyrosine kinases such as erb B-3
or erb B-4 fail to compete for binding. Conversely, CR-1
was found not to directly bind to or to activate the tyrosine kinases
associated with the EGFR, erb B-2, erb B-3, or
erb B-4 either alone or in various pairwise combinations
which have been ectopically expressed in Ba/F3 mouse pro-B lymphocyte
cells. However, exogenous CR-1 could induce an increase in the tyrosine
phosphorylation of 185- and 120-kDa proteins and a rapid (within 3-5
min) increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of the SH2-containing
adaptor proteins p66, p52, and p46 Shc in mouse mammary HC-11
epithelial cells and in human MDA-MB-453 and SKBr-3 breast cancer
cells. CR-1 was also found to promote an increase in the association of
the adaptor Grb2-guanine nucleotide exchange factor-mouse son of
sevenless (mSOS) signaling complex with tyrosine-phosphorylated
Shc in HC-11 cells. Finally, CR-1 was able to increase p42erk-2
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity in HC-11 cells within
5-10 min of treatment. These data demonstrate that CR-1 can function
through a receptor which activates intracellular components in the
ras/raf/MEK/MAPK pathway.
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