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Vol. 273, Issue 2, 1150-1157, January 9, 1998
From the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
(GPI)-anchored proteins can be isolated from both cells and
sphingolipid and cholesterol-rich liposomes (SCRLs) in association with
detergent-insoluble membranes. We found previously that detergent
insolubility of lipids was characteristic of phases in which lipid acyl
chains are ordered. We presented evidence that GPI-anchored proteins
are insoluble because they associate with cholesterol and
sphingolipid-rich lipid domains with properties similar to the
liquid-ordered phase. Here, this model was tested by a variety of
approaches. First, we demonstrated that saponin, which removes
cholesterol from cell membranes and allows solubilization of
GPI-anchored proteins by Triton X-100, had the same effect on the
GPI-anchored protein alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in SCRLs of
appropriate lipid composition. The similarity of saponin action in
cells and simple liposomes suggests that the compound disrupts
protein-lipid interactions. However, direct interactions between PLAP
and cholesterol were not needed for insolubility, because the protein
was also insoluble in cholesterol-free liposomes containing lipid in an
ordered phase. Instead, cholesterol acted by greatly enhancing the
formation of a detergent-insoluble phase by sphingolipids, which have a tendency to form ordered phases. We propose that saponin solubilizes GPI-anchored proteins because the lipid composition of cell membranes (and the SCRLs used above) supports ordered phase formation in the
presence but not the absence of cholesterol. Supporting this model,
saponin did not promote Triton X-100 solubilization of PLAP in SCRLs
with sphingolipid levels high enough to allow ordered phase formation
in the absence of cholesterol. We also showed that two additional
GPI-anchored proteins are detergent-insoluble in SCRLs and that
detergent does not artifactually create ordered domains or cause
components of solubilized membranes to associate with
detergent-resistant membranes present in separate bilayers in the same
lysate. We conclude that the ordered domain model explains the behavior
of detergent-resistant membranes in liposomes and cells.
Cholesterol and Sphingolipid Enhance the Triton X-100
Insolubility of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Proteins by
Promoting the Formation of Detergent-insoluble Ordered Membrane
Domains
,,,
**, and**
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology,
the Department of Chemistry, and the ** Institute for Cell and
Developmental Biology, State University of New York,
Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
Copyright © 1998 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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V. A. Sciorra and A. J. Morris Sequential Actions of Phospholipase D and Phosphatidic Acid Phosphohydrolase 2b Generate Diglyceride in Mammalian Cells Mol. Biol. Cell, November 1, 1999; 10(11): 3863 - 3876. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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L. Abrami and F. G. van der Goot Plasma Membrane Microdomains Act as Concentration Platforms to Facilitate Intoxication by Aerolysin J. Cell Biol., October 4, 1999; 147(1): 175 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Simons, T. Friedrichson, J. B. Schulz, M. Pitto, M. Masserini, and T. V. Kurzchalia Exogenous Administration of Gangliosides Displaces GPI-anchored Proteins from Lipid Microdomains in Living Cells Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 1999; 10(10): 3187 - 3196. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Naslavsky, H. Shmeeda, G. Friedlander, A. Yanai, A. H. Futerman, Y. Barenholz, and A. Taraboulos Sphingolipid Depletion Increases Formation of the Scrapie Prion Protein in Neuroblastoma Cells Infected with Prions J. Biol. Chem., July 23, 1999; 274(30): 20763 - 20771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Maekawa, C. Sato, K. Kitajima, N. Funatsu, H. Kumanogoh, and Y. Sokawa Cholesterol-dependent Localization of NAP-22 on a Neuronal Membrane Microdomain (Raft) J. Biol. Chem., July 23, 1999; 274(30): 21369 - 21374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. D. Sheets, D. Holowka, and B. Baird Critical Role for Cholesterol in Lyn-mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Fcepsilon RI and Their Association with Detergent-resistant Membranes J. Cell Biol., May 17, 1999; 145(4): 877 - 887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ilangumaran, S. Arni, G. van Echten-Deckert, B. Borisch, and D. C. Hoessli Microdomain-dependent Regulation of Lck and Fyn Protein-Tyrosine Kinases in T Lymphocyte Plasma Membranes Mol. Biol. Cell, April 1, 1999; 10(4): 891 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Funatsu, S. Miyata, H. Kumanogoh, M. Shigeta, K. Hamada, Y. Endo, Y. Sokawa, and S. Maekawa Characterization of a Novel Rat Brain Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Protein (Kilon), a Member of the IgLON Cell Adhesion Molecule Family J. Biol. Chem., March 19, 1999; 274(12): 8224 - 8230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Melkonian, A. G. Ostermeyer, J. Z. Chen, M. G. Roth, and D. A. Brown Role of Lipid Modifications in Targeting Proteins to Detergent-resistant Membrane Rafts. MANY RAFT PROTEINS ARE ACYLATED, WHILE FEW ARE PRENYLATED J. Biol. Chem., February 5, 1999; 274(6): 3910 - 3917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Scheiffele, A. Rietveld, T. Wilk, and K. Simons Influenza Viruses Select Ordered Lipid Domains during Budding from the Plasma Membrane J. Biol. Chem., January 22, 1999; 274(4): 2038 - 2044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Ferguson The structure, biosynthesis and functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, and the contributions of trypanosome research J. Cell Sci., January 9, 1999; 112(17): 2799 - 2809. [Abstract] [PDF]
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T. M. Stulnig, M. Berger, T. Sigmund, D. Raederstorff, H. Stockinger, and W. Waldhausl Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibit T Cell Signal Transduction by Modification of Detergent-insoluble Membrane Domains J. Cell Biol., November 2, 1998; 143(3): 637 - 644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Arni, S. A. Keilbaugh, A. G. Ostermeyer, and D. A. Brown Association of GAP-43 with Detergent-resistant Membranes Requires Two Palmitoylated Cysteine Residues J. Biol. Chem., October 23, 1998; 273(43): 28478 - 28485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Booden, D. S. Sakaguchi, and J. E. Buss Mutation of Ha-Ras C Terminus Changes Effector Pathway Utilization J. Biol. Chem., July 28, 2000; 275(31): 23559 - 23568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Chen, Z. Zhang, M.-A. Tawiah-Boateng, and P. M. D. Hardwicke A Ca2+-dependent Tryptic Cleavage Site and a Protein Kinase A Phosphorylation Site Are Present in the Ca2+ Regulatory Domain of Scallop Muscle Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger J. Biol. Chem., July 21, 2000; 275(30): 22961 - 22968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Fukasawa, M. Nishijima, H. Itabe, T. Takano, and K. Hanada Reduction of Sphingomyelin Level without Accumulation of Ceramide in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Affects Detergent-resistant Membrane Domains and Enhances Cellular Cholesterol Efflux to Methyl-beta -cyclodextrin J. Biol. Chem., October 27, 2000; 275(44): 34028 - 34034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Martin-Belmonte, M. A. Alonso, X. Zhang, and P. Arvan Thyroglobulin Is Selected as Luminal Protein Cargo for Apical Transport via Detergent-resistant Membranes in Epithelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., December 22, 2000; 275(52): 41074 - 41081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Abe, I. Nishida, M. Minemura, H. Qadota, Y. Seyama, T. Watanabe, and Y. Ohya Yeast 1,3-beta -Glucan Synthase Activity Is Inhibited by Phytosphingosine Localized to the Endoplasmic Reticulum J. Biol. Chem., July 13, 2001; 276(29): 26923 - 26930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. H. Hansen, L. Immerdal, E. Thorsen, L.-L. Niels-Christiansen, B. T. Nystrom, E. J. F. Demant, and E. M. Danielsen Lipid Rafts Exist as Stable Cholesterol-independent Microdomains in the Brush Border Membrane of Enterocytes J. Biol. Chem., August 17, 2001; 276(34): 32338 - 32344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Xu, R. Bittman, G. Duportail, D. Heissler, C. Vilcheze, and E. London Effect of the Structure of Natural Sterols and Sphingolipids on the Formation of Ordered Sphingolipid/Sterol Domains (Rafts). COMPARISON OF CHOLESTEROL TO PLANT, FUNGAL, AND DISEASE-ASSOCIATED STEROLS AND COMPARISON OF SPHINGOMYELIN, CEREBROSIDES, AND CERAMIDE J. Biol. Chem., August 31, 2001; 276(36): 33540 - 33546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Stulnig, J. Huber, N. Leitinger, E.-M. Imre, P. Angelisova, P. Nowotny, and W. Waldhausl Polyunsaturated Eicosapentaenoic Acid Displaces Proteins from Membrane Rafts by Altering Raft Lipid Composition J. Biol. Chem., September 28, 2001; 276(40): 37335 - 37340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Brown and E. London Structure and Function of Sphingolipid- and Cholesterol-rich Membrane Rafts J. Biol. Chem., June 2, 2000; 275(23): 17221 - 17224. [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Rousso, M. B. Mixon, B. K. Chen, and P. S. Kim Palmitoylation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is critical for viral infectivity PNAS, December 5, 2000; 97(25): 13523 - 13525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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