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J Biol Chem, Vol. 273, Issue 21, 12703-12709, May 22, 1998
,
From the Cadmium is a potent cell poison known to cause
oxidative stress by increasing lipid peroxidation and/or by changing
intracellular glutathione levels and to affect the
ubiquitin/ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway. However, the
cellular mechanisms involved in cadmium toxicity are still not well
understood, especially in neuronal cells. To investigate the
relationship between cadmium-induced oxidative stress and the
ubiquitin/ATP-dependent pathway, we treated cultures of
neuronal cells with different concentrations of the metal ion. In
addition to decreases in glutathione levels, we observed marked
increases in protein-mixed disulfides (Pr-SSGs) after exposure of HT4
cells (a mouse neuronal cell line) or rat primary mesencephalic
cultures to Cd2+. The increases in intracellular
levels of Pr-SSGs were concurrent with increases in the levels of
ubiquitinated proteins (Ub proteins) when the HT4 cells were subjected
to lower (25 µM or less) concentrations of cadmium.
However, higher concentrations of cadmium (50 µM), which
were toxic, led to increases in Pr-SSGs but inhibited ubiquitination, probably reflecting inhibition of ubiquitinating enzymes. The cadmium-induced changes in Pr-SSGs and Ub proteins were not affected when more than 85% of intracellular glutathione was removed from the
cells by the glutathione synthetase inhibitor
L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine. However, the reducing agent dithiothreitol, which prevented the build
up of Pr-SSGs in the cell, also blocked the accumulation of Ub proteins
induced by cadmium. In addition, dithiothreitol blocked the effects of
the higher toxic (50 µM) concentrations of cadmium on
cytotoxicity and on glutathione, Pr-SSGs, and Ub proteins. Together,
these results strongly suggest that changes in the levels of
intracellular Pr-SSGs and ubiquitin-protein conjugates in neuronal
cells are responses closely associated with the disruption of
intracellular sulfhydryl homeostasis caused by cadmium-mediated oxidative stress.
Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter
College of City University of New York, New York 10021 and
¶ Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of City
University of New York, New York 10029
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