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J Biol Chem, Vol. 273, Issue 22, 13828-13834, May 29, 1998
From the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Department of
Pharmacology University of Nebraska Medical Center,
Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805
The small GTP-binding proteins Ras, Rac, and
Cdc42 link protein-tyrosine kinases with mitogen-activated protein
kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. Ras controls the activation of
extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), while Rac and Cdc42
regulate the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). In this study, we
investigated whether small G protein/MAPK cascades contribute to signal
transduction by transforming variants of c-Fes, a nonreceptor tyrosine
kinase implicated in cytokine signaling and myeloid differentiation. First, we investigated the effects of dominant-negative small G
proteins on Rat-2 fibroblast transformation by a retroviral homolog of
c-Fes (v-Fps) and by c-Fes activated via N-terminal addition of the
v-Src myristylation signal (Myr-Fes). We observed that
dominant-negative Ras, Rac, and Cdc42 inhibited v-Fps- and Myr-Fes-induced growth of Rat-2 cells in soft agar, indicating that
activation of these small GTP-binding proteins is required for
fibroblast transformation by Fps/Fes tyrosine kinases. To determine
whether MAPK pathways are activated downstream of these small G
proteins, we measured ERK and JNK activity in the v-Fps- and
Myr-Fes-transformed Rat-2 cells. Both ERK and JNK activities were
elevated in the transformed cells, suggesting that these pathways are
involved in cellular transformation. Dominant-negative mutants of Ras
(but not Rac or Cdc42) specifically inhibited ERK activation by v-Fps
and Myr-Fes, demonstrating that ERK activation occurs exclusively
downstream of Ras. All three dominant-negative small G proteins
inhibited JNK activation by v-Fps and Myr-Fes, indicating that JNK
activation by these tyrosine kinases requires both Ras and Rho family
GTPases. These data demonstrate that multiple small G protein/MAPK
cascades are involved in downstream signal transduction by Fps/Fes
tyrosine kinases.
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