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Vol. 273, Issue 3, 1727-1732, January 16, 1998

Overexpression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Magnesium Transport System Confers Resistance to Aluminum Ion

From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

Ionic aluminum (Al³⁺) is toxic to plants, microbes, fish, and animals, but the mechanism of its toxicity is unknown. We describe the isolation of two yeast genes (ALR1 and ALR2) which confer increased tolerance to Al³⁺ and Ga³⁺ ions when overexpressed while increasing strain sensitivity to Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ca²⁺, and La³⁺ ions. The Alr proteins are homologous to the Salmonella typhimurium CorA protein, a bacterial Mg²⁺ and Co²⁺ transport system located in the periplasmic membrane. Yeast strains lacking ALR gene activity required additional Mg²⁺ for growth, and expression of either ALR1 or ALR2 corrected the Mg²⁺-requiring phenotype. The results suggest that the ALR genes encode the yeast uptake system for Mg²⁺ and other divalent cations. This hypothesis was supported by evidence that ⁵⁷Co²⁺ accumulation was elevated in ALR-overexpressing strains and reduced in strains lacking ALR expression. ALR overexpression also overcame the inhibition of Co²⁺ uptake by Al³⁺ ions. The results indicate that aluminum toxicity to yeast occurs as a consequence of reduced Mg²⁺ influx via the Alr proteins. The molecular identification of the yeast Mg²⁺ transport system should lead to a better understanding of the regulation of Mg²⁺ homeostasis in eukaryote cells.

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