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J Biol Chem, Vol. 273, Issue 32, 20378-20382, August 7, 1998

Molecular and Functional Identification of Sodium Ion-dependent, High Affinity Human Carnitine Transporter OCTN2

Ikumi TamaiDagger , Rikiya OhashiDagger , Jun-ichi Nezu§, Hikaru YabuuchiDagger , Asuka Oku§, Miyuki Shimane§, Yoshimichi SaiDagger , and Akira TsujiDagger

From the Dagger  Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan and the § Chugai Research Institute for Molecular Medicine Inc., Ibaraki 300-4101, Japan

Primary carnitine deficiency, because of a defect of the tissue plasma membrane carnitine transporters, causes critical symptoms. However, the transporter has not been molecularly identified. In this study, we screened a human kidney cDNA library and assembled a cDNA-encoding OCTN2 as a homologue of the organic cation transporter OCTN1, and then we examined the function of OCTN2 as a carnitine transporter. OCTN2-cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 557 amino acids with 75.8% similarity to OCTN1. Northern blot analysis showed that OCTN2 is strongly expressed in kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, and placenta in adult humans. When OCTN2 was expressed in HEK293 cells, uptake of L-[3H]carnitine was strongly enhanced in a sodium-dependent manner with Km value of 4.34 µM, whereas typical substrates for previously known organic cation transporters, tetraethylammonium and guanidine, were not good substitutes. OCTN2-mediated L-[3H]carnitine transport was inhibited by the D-isomer, acetyl-D,L-carnitine, and gamma -butyrobetaine with high affinity and by glycinebetaine with lower affinity, whereas choline, beta -hydroxybutyric acid, gamma -aminobutyric acid, lysine, and taurine were not inhibitory. Because the observed tissue distribution of OCTN2 is consistent with the reported distribution of carnitine transport activity and the functional characteristics of OCTN2 coincide with those reported for plasma membrane carnitine transport, we conclude that OCTN2 is a physiologically important, high affinity sodium-carnitine cotransporter in humans.

Copyright © 1998 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
C. A. Wagner, U. Lukewille, S. Kaltenbach, I. Moschen, A. Broer, T. Risler, S. Broer, and F. Lang
Functional and pharmacological characterization of human Na+-carnitine cotransporter hOCTN2
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2000; 279(3): F584 - F591.
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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
V. Ganapathy, P. D. Prasad, M. E. Ganapathy, and F. H. Leibach
Placental Transporters Relevant to Drug Distribution across the Maternal-Fetal Interface
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., August 1, 2000; 294(2): 413 - 420.
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 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
G. Burckhardt and N. A. Wolff
Structure of renal organic anion and cation transporters
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, June 1, 2000; 278(6): F853 - F866.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 IOVSHome page
H. Ueda, Y. Horibe, K.-J. Kim, and V. H. L. Lee
Functional Characterization of Organic Cation Drug Transport in the Pigmented Rabbit Conjunctiva
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2000; 41(3): 870 - 876.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
Y. Zhu, M. C. Jong, K. A. Frazer, E. Gong, R. M. Krauss, J.-F. Cheng, D. Boffelli, and E. M. Rubin
Genomic interval engineering of mice identifies a novel modulator of triglyceride production
PNAS, February 1, 2000; 97(3): 1137 - 1142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. E. Ganapathy, W. Huang, D. P. Rajan, A. L. Carter, M. Sugawara, K. Iseki, F. H. Leibach, and V. Ganapathy
beta -Lactam Antibiotics as Substrates for OCTN2, an Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter
J. Biol. Chem., January 21, 2000; 275(3): 1699 - 1707.
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 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
V. Gorboulev, C. Volk, P. Arndt, A. Akhoundova, and H. Koepsell
Selectivity of the Polyspecific Cation Transporter rOCT1 Is Changed by Mutation of Aspartate 475 to Glutamate
Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 1999; 56(6): 1254 - 1261.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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P. Seth, X. Wu, W. Huang, F. H. Leibach, and V. Ganapathy
Mutations in Novel Organic Cation Transporter (OCTN2), an Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter, with Differential Effects on the Organic Cation Transport Function and the Carnitine Transport Function
J. Biol. Chem., November 19, 1999; 274(47): 33388 - 33392.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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R. Ohashi, I. Tamai, H. Yabuuchi, J.-I. Nezu, A. Oku, Y. Sai, M. Shimane, and A. Tsuji
Na+-Dependent Carnitine Transport by Organic Cation Transporter (OCTN2): Its Pharmacological and Toxicological Relevance
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 1999; 291(2): 778 - 784.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
X. Wu, W. Huang, P. D. Prasad, P. Seth, D. P. Rajan, F. H. Leibach, J. Chen, S. J. Conway, and V. Ganapathy
Functional Characteristics and Tissue Distribution Pattern of Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCTN2), an Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 1999; 290(3): 1482 - 1492.
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 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
D. Gründemann, G. Liebich, N. Kiefer, S. Köster, and E. Schömig
Selective Substrates for Non-Neuronal Monoamine Transporters
Mol. Pharmacol., July 1, 1999; 56(1): 1 - 10.
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H. Yabuuchi, I. Tamai, J.-I. Nezu, K. Sakamoto, A. Oku, M. Shimane, Y. Sai, and A. Tsuji
Novel Membrane Transporter OCTN1 Mediates Multispecific, Bidirectional, and pH-Dependent Transport of Organic Cations
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 1999; 289(2): 768 - 773.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
Y. Wang, J. Ye, V. Ganapathy, and N. Longo
Mutations in the organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 in primary carnitine deficiency
PNAS, March 2, 1999; 96(5): 2356 - 2360.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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X. Wu, R. Kekuda, W. Huang, Y.-J. Fei, F. H. Leibach, J. Chen, S. J. Conway, and V. Ganapathy
Identity of the Organic Cation Transporter OCT3 as the Extraneuronal Monoamine Transporter (uptake2) and Evidence for the Expression of the Transporter in the Brain
J. Biol. Chem., December 4, 1998; 273(49): 32776 - 32786.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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Y. Wang, T. A. Meadows, and N. Longo
Abnormal Sodium Stimulation of Carnitine Transport in Primary Carnitine Deficiency
J. Biol. Chem., June 30, 2000; 275(27): 20782 - 20786.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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I. Tamai, R. Ohashi, J.-i. Nezu, Y. Sai, D. Kobayashi, A. Oku, M. Shimane, and A. Tsuji
Molecular and Functional Characterization of Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter Family in Mice
J. Biol. Chem., December 15, 2000; 275(51): 40064 - 40072.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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