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J Biol Chem, Vol. 273, Issue 33, 21203-21209, August 14, 1998
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From the Base excision repair (BER) is one of the cellular
defense mechanisms repairing damage to nucleoside 5'-monophosphate
residues in genomic DNA. This repair pathway is initiated by
spontaneous or enzymatic N-glycosidic bond cleavage
creating an abasic or apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) site in
double-stranded DNA. Class II AP endonuclease, deoxyribonucleotide
phosphate (dRP) lyase, DNA synthesis, and DNA ligase activities
complete repair of the AP site. In mammalian cell nuclear extract, BER
can be mediated by a macromolecular complex containing DNA polymerase
Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS,
National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, the § Department of Human Biological Chemistry and
Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, and the ¶ Institute of Biotechnology, Center for Molecular
Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center,
San Antonio, Texas 78245
(
-pol) and DNA ligase I. These two enzymes are capable of
contributing the latter three of the four BER enzymatic activities. In
the present study, we found that AP site BER can be reconstituted in vitro using the following purified human proteins: AP
endonuclease,
-pol, and DNA ligase I. Examination of the individual
enzymatic steps in BER allowed us to identify an ordered reaction
pathway: subsequent to 5' "nicking" of the AP site-containing DNA
strand by AP endonuclease,
-pol performs DNA synthesis
prior to removal of the 5'-dRP moiety in the gap. Removal
of the dRP flap is strictly required for DNA ligase I to seal the
resulting nick. Additionally, the catalytic rate of the reconstituted
BER system and the individual enzymatic activities was measured. The
reconstituted BER system performs repair of AP site DNA at a rate that
is slower than the respective rates of AP endonuclease, DNA synthesis,
and ligation, suggesting that these steps are not rate-determining in
the overall reconstituted BER system. Instead, the rate-limiting step
in the reconstituted system was found to be removal of dRP
(i.e. dRP lyase), catalyzed by the amino-terminal domain of
-pol. This work is the first to measure the rate of BER in an
in vitro reaction. The potential significance of the
dRP-containing intermediate in the regulation of BER is discussed.
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