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J Biol Chem, Vol. 273, Issue 34, 21744-21751, August 21, 1998
From the Departments of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular
Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Mutations at the phosphorylation site (Asp-378)
of the yeast plasma-membrane H+-ATPase have been
shown previously to cause misfolding of the ATPase, preventing normal
movement along the secretory pathway; Asp-378 mutations also block the
biogenesis of co-expressed wild-type ATPase and lead to a dominant
lethal phenotype. To ask whether these defects are specific for Asp-378
or whether the phosphorylation region as a whole is involved,
alanine-scanning mutagenesis has been carried out to examine the role
of 11 conserved residues flanking Asp-378. In the sec6-4
expression system (Nakamoto, R. K., Rao, R., and Slayman, C. W. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7940-7949), the mutant
ATPases displayed varying abilities to reach the secretory vesicles
that deliver plasma-membrane proteins to the cell surface. Indirect
immunofluorescence of intact cells also gave evidence for a spectrum of
behavior, ranging from mutant ATPases completely arrested (D378A,
K379A, T380A, and T384A) or partially arrested in the endoplasmic
reticulum to those that reached the plasma membrane in normal amounts
(C376A, S377A, and G381A). Although the extent of ER retention varied
among the mutants, the endoplasmic reticulum appeared to be the only
secretory compartment in which the mutant ATPases accumulated. All of
the mutant proteins that localized either partially or fully to the ER
were also malfolded based on their abnormal sensitivity to trypsin.
Among them, the severely affected mutants had a dominant lethal
phenotype, and even the intermediate mutants caused a visible slowing
of growth when co-expressed with wild-type ATPase. The effects on
growth could be traced to the trapping of the wild-type enzyme with the mutant enzyme in the ER, as visualized by double label
immunofluorescence. Taken together, the results indicate that the
residues surrounding Asp-378 are critically important for ATPase
maturation and transport to the cell surface.
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