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J Biol Chem, Vol. 273, Issue 46, 30255-30262, November 13, 1998
,
¶,
,
From the Peroxynitrite (ONOO
Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology
and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of
California, Davis, California 95616 and the ¶ Department of
Pharmacochemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Vrije
Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
), a
potent oxidant formed by reaction of nitric oxide (NO·) with
superoxide anion, can activate guanylyl cyclase and is able to induce
vasodilation or inhibit platelet aggregation and leukocyte adhesion,
via thiol-dependent formation of NO·. Reaction of
ONOO
with thiols is thought to proceed through formation
of a S-nitrothiol (thionitrate; RSNO2)
intermediate and yields low levels of S-nitrosothiols (thionitrites; RSNO), both of which are theoretical sources of NO·. Kinetic analysis of NO· production after reaction of
ONOO
with GSH established that NO· originates
exclusively from the thionitrite GSNO. Further mechanistic investigations indicated that GSNO formation by ONOO- does
not occur via one-electron oxidation mechanisms. Nitrosation of GSH
could theoretically proceed via intermediate formation of the
thionitrate GSNO2, which, after rearrangement to the
corresponding sulfenyl nitrite (GSONO), can react with GSH to form GSNO
and GSOH. However, no evidence for such a mechanism was found in
experiments with NO2· or with
the stable nitrothiol tert-butylthionitrate. Using high performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection, formation of H2O2 was observed after reaction
of ONOO
with GSH under both aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, at levels similar to the yield of GSNO, indicative of a
direct nucleophilic nitrosation mechanism with elimination of
HOO
. Our results indicate that ONOO
may
contribute to S-nitrosation in vivo and that
direct nitrosation of thiols or other nucleophilic substrates by
ONOO- may represent an important and often overlooked
component of NO· biochemistry.
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