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J Biol Chem, Vol. 273, Issue 51, 34358-34369, December 18, 1998

Evolution, Organization, and Expression of -Tubulin Genes in the Antarctic Fish Notothenia coriiceps
ADAPTIVE EXPANSION OF A GENE FAMILY BY RECENT GENE DUPLICATION, INVERSION, AND DIVERGENCE

From the Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

To assess the organization and expression of tubulin genes in ectothermic vertebrates, we have chosen the Antarctic yellowbelly rockcod, Notothenia coriiceps, as a model system. The genome of N. coriiceps contains ~15 distinct DNA fragments complementary to -tubulin cDNA probes, which suggests that the -tubulins of this cold-adapted fish are encoded by a substantial multigene family. From an N. coriiceps testicular DNA library, we isolated a 13.8-kilobase pair genomic clone that contains a tightly linked cluster of three -tubulin genes, designated NcGTba, NcGTbb, and NcGTbc. Two of these genes, NcGTba and NcGTbb, are linked in head-to-head (5' to 5') orientation with ~500 bp separating their start codons, whereas NcGTba and NcGTbc are linked tail-to-tail (3' to 3') with ~2.5 kilobase pairs between their stop codons. The exons, introns, and untranslated regions of the three -tubulin genes are strikingly similar in sequence, and the intergenic region between the a and b genes is significantly palindromic. Thus, this cluster probably evolved by duplication, inversion, and divergence of a common ancestral -tubulin gene. Expression of the NcGTbc gene is cosmopolitan, with its mRNA most abundant in hematopoietic, neural, and testicular tissues, whereas NcGTba and NcGTbb transcripts accumulate primarily in brain. The differential expression of the three genes is consistent with distinct suites of putative promoter and enhancer elements. We propose that cold adaptation of the microtubule system of Antarctic fishes is based in part on expansion of the - and -tubulin gene families to ensure efficient synthesis of tubulin polypeptides.

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