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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 10, 6388-6396, March 5, 1999

Molecular Characterization of -Lactalbumin Folding Variants That Induce Apoptosis in Tumor Cells

Malin Svensson, Hemant Sabharwal^¶, Anders Håkansson, Ann-Kristin Mossberg, Peter Lipniunas, Hakon Leffler, Catharina Svanborg, and Sara Linse

From the  Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden, the ^¶ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, the  Department of Physical Chemistry 2, Lund University, P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and the  Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143

This study characterized a protein complex in human milk that induces apoptosis in tumor cells but spares healthy cells. The active fraction was purified from casein by anion exchange chromatography. Unlike other casein components the active fraction was retained by the ion exchanger and eluted after a high salt gradient. The active fraction showed N-terminal amino acid sequence identity with human milk -lactalbumin and mass spectrometry ruled out post-translational modifications. Size exclusion chromatography resolved monomers and oligomers of -lactalbumin that were characterized using UV absorbance, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The high molecular weight oligomers were kinetically stable against dissociation into monomers and were found to have an essentially retained secondary structure but a less well organized tertiary structure. Comparison with native monomeric and molten globule -lactalbumin showed that the active fraction contains oligomers of -lactalbumin that have undergone a conformational switch toward a molten globule-like state. Oligomerization appears to conserve -lactalbumin in a state with molten globule-like properties at physiological conditions. The results suggest differences in biological properties between folding variants of -lactalbumin.

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