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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 13, 8405-8410, March 26, 1999
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From Positively charged antimicrobial peptides with
membrane-damaging activity are produced by animals and humans as
components of their innate immunity against bacterial infections and
also by many bacteria to inhibit competing microorganisms.
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus
xylosus, which tolerate high concentrations of several
antimicrobial peptides, were mutagenized to identify genes responsible
for this insensitivity. Several mutants with increased sensitivity were
obtained, which exhibited an altered structure of teichoic acids, major
components of the Gram-positive cell wall. The mutant teichoic acids
lacked D-alanine, as a result of which the cells carried an
increased negative surface charge. The mutant cells bound fewer
anionic, but more positively charged proteins. They were sensitive to
human defensin HNP1-3, animal-derived protegrins, tachyplesins, and
magainin II, and to the bacteria-derived peptides gallidermin and
nisin. The mutated genes shared sequence similarity with the
dlt genes involved in the transfer of D-alanine into teichoic acids from other Gram-positive bacteria. Wild-type strains bearing additional copies of the dlt operon
produced teichoic acids with higher amounts of D-alanine
esters, bound cationic proteins less effectively and were less
sensitive to antimicrobial peptides. We propose a role of the
D-alanine-esterified teichoic acids which occur in many
pathogenic bacteria in the protection against human and animal defense systems.
Mikrobielle Genetik, Universität
Tübingen, Waldhäuser Straße 70/8, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany, ¶ Organische Chemie, Universität
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, ECHAZ
Microcollections®, Sindelfingerstraße 3, 72070 Tübingen,
Germany, and Physiologische Chemie, Universität
Tübingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074 Tübingen,
Germany
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