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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 13, 8405-8410, March 26, 1999
From Positively charged antimicrobial peptides with
membrane-damaging activity are produced by animals and humans as
components of their innate immunity against bacterial infections and
also by many bacteria to inhibit competing microorganisms.
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus
xylosus, which tolerate high concentrations of several
antimicrobial peptides, were mutagenized to identify genes responsible
for this insensitivity. Several mutants with increased sensitivity were
obtained, which exhibited an altered structure of teichoic acids, major
components of the Gram-positive cell wall. The mutant teichoic acids
lacked D-alanine, as a result of which the cells carried an
increased negative surface charge. The mutant cells bound fewer
anionic, but more positively charged proteins. They were sensitive to
human defensin HNP1-3, animal-derived protegrins, tachyplesins, and
magainin II, and to the bacteria-derived peptides gallidermin and
nisin. The mutated genes shared sequence similarity with the
dlt genes involved in the transfer of D-alanine into teichoic acids from other Gram-positive bacteria. Wild-type strains bearing additional copies of the dlt operon
produced teichoic acids with higher amounts of D-alanine
esters, bound cationic proteins less effectively and were less
sensitive to antimicrobial peptides. We propose a role of the
D-alanine-esterified teichoic acids which occur in many
pathogenic bacteria in the protection against human and animal defense systems.
Inactivation of the dlt Operon in
Staphylococcus aureus Confers Sensitivity to Defensins,
Protegrins, and Other Antimicrobial Peptides
,,
,
Mikrobielle Genetik, Universität
Tübingen, Waldhäuser Straße 70/8, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany, ¶ Organische Chemie, Universität
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, ECHAZ
Microcollections®, Sindelfingerstraße 3, 72070 Tübingen,
Germany, and Physiologische Chemie, Universität
Tübingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074 Tübingen,
Germany
Copyright © 1999 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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K. Ouhara, H. Komatsuzawa, S. Yamada, H. Shiba, T. Fujiwara, M. Ohara, K. Sayama, K. Hashimoto, H. Kurihara, and M. Sugai Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, {beta}-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cells J. Antimicrob. Chemother., June 1, 2005; 55(6): 888 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Resch, R. Rosenstein, C. Nerz, and F. Gotz Differential Gene Expression Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus Cultivated under Biofilm and Planktonic Conditions Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2005; 71(5): 2663 - 2676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pietiainen, M. Gardemeister, M. Mecklin, S. Leskela, M. Sarvas, and V. P. Kontinen Cationic antimicrobial peptides elicit a complex stress response in Bacillus subtilis that involves ECF-type sigma factors and two-component signal transduction systems Microbiology, May 1, 2005; 151(5): 1577 - 1592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Zhang, K. Morikawa, T. Ohta, and Y. Kato In vitro resistance to the CS{alpha}{beta}-type antimicrobial peptide ASABF- is conferred by overexpression of sigma factor sigB in Staphylococcus aureus J. Antimicrob. Chemother., May 1, 2005; 55(5): 686 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Xue, I. Hunter, T. Steinmetz, A. Peters, B. Ray, and K. W. Miller Novel Activator of Mannose-Specific Phosphotransferase System Permease Expression in Listeria innocua, Identified by Screening for Pediocin AcH Resistance Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2005; 71(3): 1283 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Leonardi, S. Chohnan, Y.-M. Zhang, K. G. Virga, R. E. Lee, C. O. Rock, and S. Jackowski A Pantothenate Kinase from Staphylococcus aureus Refractory to Feedback Regulation by Coenzyme A J. Biol. Chem., February 4, 2005; 280(5): 3314 - 3322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Mason, R. S. Munson Jr., and L. O. Bakaletz A Mutation in the sap Operon Attenuates Survival of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in a Chinchilla Model of Otitis Media Infect. Immun., January 1, 2005; 73(1): 599 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Sieprawska-Lupa, P. Mydel, K. Krawczyk, K. Wojcik, M. Puklo, B. Lupa, P. Suder, J. Silberring, M. Reed, J. Pohl, et al. Degradation of Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 by Staphylococcus aureus-Derived Proteinases Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., December 1, 2004; 48(12): 4673 - 4679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Campos, M. A. Vargas, V. Regueiro, C. M. Llompart, S. Alberti, and J. A. Bengoechea Capsule Polysaccharide Mediates Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides Infect. Immun., December 1, 2004; 72(12): 7107 - 7114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Vadyvaloo, S. Arous, A. Gravesen, Y. Hechard, R. Chauhan-Haubrock, J. W. Hastings, and M. Rautenbach Cell-surface alterations in class IIa bacteriocin-resistant Listeria monocytogenes strains Microbiology, September 1, 2004; 150(9): 3025 - 3033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Joseph, A. Guiseppi, A. Sorokin, and F. Denizot Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis YxdJ response regulator as the inducer of expression for the cognate ABC transporter YxdLM Microbiology, August 1, 2004; 150(8): 2609 - 2617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Franklin, S. A. Douthit, and M. A. McClure Evidence that the algI/algJ Gene Cassette, Required for O Acetylation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alginate, Evolved by Lateral Gene Transfer J. Bacteriol., July 15, 2004; 186(14): 4759 - 4773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Voyich, K. R. Braughton, D. E. Sturdevant, C. Vuong, S. D. Kobayashi, S. F. Porcella, M. Otto, J. M. Musser, and F. R. DeLeo Engagement of the Pathogen Survival Response Used by Group A Streptococcus to Avert Destruction by Innate Host Defense J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 1194 - 1201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Li, M. Guan, X. F. Jiang, F. Y. Yuan, M. Xu, W. Z. Zhang, and Y. Lu Genetic polymorphism of the accessory gene regulator (agr) locus in Staphylococcus epidermidis and its association with pathogenicity J. Med. Microbiol., June 1, 2004; 53(6): 545 - 549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Nouaille, J. Commissaire, J. J. Gratadoux, P. Ravn, A. Bolotin, A. Gruss, Y. Le Loir, and P. Langella Influence of Lipoteichoic Acid D-Alanylation on Protein Secretion in Lactococcus lactis as Revealed by Random Mutagenesis Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2004; 70(3): 1600 - 1607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Gravesen, B. Kallipolitis, K. Holmstrom, P. E. Hoiby, M. Ramnath, and S. Knochel pbp2229-Mediated Nisin Resistance Mechanism in Listeria monocytogenes Confers Cross-Protection to Class IIa Bacteriocins and Affects Virulence Gene Expression Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2004; 70(3): 1669 - 1679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Cao and J. D. Helmann The Bacillus subtilis Extracytoplasmic-Function {sigma}X Factor Regulates Modification of the Cell Envelope and Resistance to Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides J. Bacteriol., February 15, 2004; 186(4): 1136 - 1146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Pag, M. Oedenkoven, N. Papo, Z. Oren, Y. Shai, and H.-G. Sahl In vitro activity and mode of action of diastereomeric antimicrobial peptides against bacterial clinical isolates J. Antimicrob. Chemother., February 1, 2004; 53(2): 230 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. C. Neuhaus and J. Baddiley A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions of D-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., December 1, 2003; 67(4): 686 - 723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Heilmann, G. Thumm, G. S. Chhatwal, J. Hartleib, A. Uekotter, and G. Peters Identification and characterization of a novel autolysin (Aae) with adhesive properties from Staphylococcus epidermidis Microbiology, October 1, 2003; 149(10): 2769 - 2778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Hoover, Z. Wu, K. Tucker, W. Lu, and J. Lubkowski Antimicrobial Characterization of Human {beta}-Defensin 3 Derivatives Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., September 1, 2003; 47(9): 2804 - 2809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Katzif, D. Danavall, S. Bowers, J. T. Balthazar, and W. M. Shafer The Major Cold Shock Gene, cspA, Is Involved in the Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to an Antimicrobial Peptide of Human Cathepsin G Infect. Immun., August 1, 2003; 71(8): 4304 - 4312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Midorikawa, K. Ouhara, H. Komatsuzawa, T. Kawai, S. Yamada, T. Fujiwara, K. Yamazaki, K. Sayama, M. A. Taubman, H. Kurihara, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Susceptibility to Innate Antimicrobial Peptides, {beta}-Defensins and CAP18, Expressed by Human Keratinocytes Infect. Immun., July 1, 2003; 71(7): 3730 - 3739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Bell and P.-H. Gouyon Arming the enemy: the evolution of resistance to self-proteins Microbiology, June 1, 2003; 149(6): 1367 - 1375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Wahlstrom, M. Vitikainen, V. P. Kontinen, and M. Sarvas The extracytoplasmic folding factor PrsA is required for protein secretion only in the presence of the cell wall in Bacillus subtilis Microbiology, March 1, 2003; 149(3): 569 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. R. Yeaman and N. Y. Yount Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Peptide Action and Resistance Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2003; 55(1): 27 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Theis, M. Wedde, V. Meyer, and U. Stahl The Antifungal Protein from Aspergillus giganteus Causes Membrane Permeabilization Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., February 1, 2003; 47(2): 588 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Said-Salim, P. M. Dunman, F. M. McAleese, D. Macapagal, E. Murphy, P. J. McNamara, S. Arvidson, T. J. Foster, S. J. Projan, and B. N. Kreiswirth Global Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus Genes by Rot J. Bacteriol., January 15, 2003; 185(2): 610 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. A. Kristian, M. Durr, J. A. G. Van Strijp, B. Neumeister, and A. Peschel MprF-Mediated Lysinylation of Phospholipids in Staphylococcus aureus Leads to Protection against Oxygen-Independent Neutrophil Killing Infect. Immun., January 1, 2003; 71(1): 546 - 549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Durr and A. Peschel Chemokines Meet Defensins: the Merging Concepts of Chemoattractants and Antimicrobial Peptides in Host Defense Infect. Immun., December 1, 2002; 70(12): 6515 - 6517. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Koprivnjak, A. Peschel, M. H. Gelb, N. S. Liang, and J. P. Weiss Role of Charge Properties of Bacterial Envelope in Bactericidal Action of Human Group IIA Phospholipase A2 against Staphylococcus aureus J. Biol. Chem., November 27, 2002; 277(49): 47636 - 47644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Ulvatne, H. H. Haukland, O. Samuelsen, M. Kramer, and L. H. Vorland Proteases in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus confer reduced susceptibility to lactoferricin B J. Antimicrob. Chemother., October 1, 2002; 50(4): 461 - 467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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