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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 14, 9305-9311, April 2, 1999
From the Departments of Biology and Kinesiology and Health Science,
York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
Mitochondrial biogenesis can occur rapidly in
mammalian skeletal muscle subjected to a variety of physiological
conditions. However, the intracellular signal(s) involved in regulating
this process remain unknown. Using nuclearly encoded cytochrome
c, we show that its expression in muscle cells is increased
by changes in cytosolic Ca2+ using the ionophore A23187.
Treatment of myotubes with A23187 increased cytochrome c
mRNA expression up to 1.7-fold. Transfection experiments
using promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs revealed that this increase could be transcriptionally mediated since
A23187 increased chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity by
2.5-fold. This increase was not changed by KN62, an inhibitor of
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases II and IV,
and it was not modified by overexpression of protein kinase A and cAMP
response element-binding protein, demonstrating that the A23187 effect
was not mediated through
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase- or protein
kinase A-dependent pathways. However, treatment of myotubes
with staurosporine or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate reduced the effect of A23187 on cytochrome c
transactivation by 40-50%. Coexpression of the
Ca2+-sensitive protein kinase C isoforms
and
II, but not the Ca2+-insensitive
isoform, exaggerated the A23187-mediated response. The short-term
effect of A23187 was mediated in part by mitogen-activated protein
kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2) since its
activation peaked 2 h after A23187 treatment, and cytochrome c transactivation was reduced by PD98089, a
mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase
kinase inhibitor. These results demonstrate the existence of a
Ca2+-sensitive, protein kinase C-dependent
pathway involved in cytochrome c expression and implicate
Ca2+ as a signal in the up-regulation of nuclear genes
encoding mitochondrial proteins.
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