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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 17, 11451-11454, April 23, 1999
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From the Visual arrestin quenches light-induced
signaling by binding to light-activated, phosphorylated rhodopsin
(P-Rh*). Here we present structure-function data, which in conjunction
with the refined crystal structure of arrestin (Hirsch, J. A.,
Schubert, C., Gurevich, V. V., and Sigler, P. B. (1999)
Cell, in press), support a model for the conversion of a
basal or "inactive" conformation of free arrestin to one that can
bind to and inhibit the light activated receptor. The trigger for this
transition is an interaction of the phosphorylated COOH-terminal
segment of the receptor with arrestin that disrupts intramolecular
interactions, including a hydrogen-bonded network of buried, charged
side chains, referred to as the "polar core." This disruption
permits structural adjustments that allow arrestin to bind to the
receptor. Our mutational survey identifies residues in arrestin
(Arg175, Asp30, Asp296,
Asp303, Arg382), which when altered bypass the
need for the interaction with the receptor's phosphopeptide, enabling
arrestin to bind to activated, nonphosphorylated rhodopsin (Rh*). These
mutational changes disrupt interactions and substructures which the
crystallographic model and previous biochemical studies have shown are
responsible for maintaining the inactive state. The molecular basis for
these disruptions was confirmed by successfully introducing
structure-based second site substitutions that restored the critical
interactions. The nearly absolute conservation of the mutagenically
sensitive residues throughout the arrestin family suggests that this
mechanism is likely to be applicable to arrestin-mediated
desensitization of most G-protein-coupled receptors.
Ralph and Muriel Roberts Laboratory for
Vision Science, Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona 85372 and the § Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
Department
of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut 06510
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