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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 2, 567-570, January 8, 1999
From the Division of Radiation Oncology and Department of
Immunology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
DNA damage activates cell cycle checkpoints in
yeast and human cells. In the yeasts Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe
checkpoint-deficient mutants have been characterized, and the
corresponding genes have been cloned. Searches for human homologs of
S. pombe rad1, rad9, and hus1 genes
identified the potential human homologs hRad1, hRad9, and hHus1;
however, little is known about the roles of these proteins in human
cells. The present studies demonstrate that hRad1 and hHus1 associate
in a complex that interacts with a highly modified form of hRad9, but
hHus1 and hRad1 do not associate with hRad17. In addition to being a key participant in complex formation, hRad9 is phosphorylated in
response to DNA damage. Together, these results suggest that hRad9,
hRad1, and hHus1 are central components of a DNA damage-responsive protein complex in human cells.
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K. Unsal-Kacmaz, A. M. Makhov, J. D. Griffith, and A. Sancar Preferential binding of ATR protein to UV-damaged DNA PNAS, May 14, 2002; 99(10): 6673 - 6678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Zou, D. Cortez, and S. J. Elledge Regulation of ATR substrate selection by Rad17-dependent loading of Rad9 complexes onto chromatin Genes & Dev., January 15, 2002; 16(2): 198 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. St.Onge, B. D. A. Besley, M. Park, R. Casselman, and S. Davey DNA Damage-dependent and -independent Phosphorylation of the hRad9 Checkpoint Protein J. Biol. Chem., November 2, 2001; 276(45): 41898 - 41905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Lindsey-Boltz, V. P. Bermudez, J. Hurwitz, and A. Sancar Purification and characterization of human DNA damage checkpoint Rad complexes PNAS, September 25, 2001; 98(20): 11236 - 11241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kai, H. Tanaka, and T. S.-F. Wang Fission Yeast Rad17 Associates with Chromatin in Response to Aberrant Genomic Structures Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2001; 21(10): 3289 - 3301. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 L. B. Schultz, N. H. Chehab, A. Malikzay, and T. D. Halazonetis p53 Binding Protein 1 (53BP1) Is an Early Participant in the Cellular Response to DNA Double-Strand Breaks J. Cell Biol., December 18, 2000; 151(7): 1381 - 1390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Hang, S. J. Rauth, K. M. Hopkins, and H. B. Lieberman Mutant alleles of Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad9+ alter hydroxyurea resistance, radioresistance and checkpoint control Nucleic Acids Res., November 1, 2000; 28(21): 4340 - 4349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Weiss, T. Enoch, and P. Leder Inactivation of mouse Hus1 results in genomic instability and impaired responses to genotoxic stress Genes & Dev., August 1, 2000; 14(15): 1886 - 1898. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C. Venclovas and M. P. Thelen Structure-based predictions of Rad1, Rad9, Hus1 and Rad17 participation in sliding clamp and clamp-loading complexes Nucleic Acids Res., July 1, 2000; 28(13): 2481 - 2493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Bessho and A. Sancar Human DNA Damage Checkpoint Protein hRAD9 Is a 3' to 5' Exonuclease J. Biol. Chem., March 10, 2000; 275(11): 7451 - 7454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Caspari, M. Dahlen, G. Kanter-Smoler, H. D. Lindsay, K. Hofmann, K. Papadimitriou, P. Sunnerhagen, and A. M. Carr Characterization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hus1: a PCNA-Related Protein That Associates with Rad1 and Rad9 Mol. Cell. Biol., February 15, 2000; 20(4): 1254 - 1262. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 D Griffiths, M Uchiyama, P Nurse, and T. Wang A novel mutant allele of the chromatin-bound fission yeast checkpoint protein Rad17 separates the DNA structure checkpoints J. Cell Sci., January 3, 2000; 113(6): 1075 - 1088. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. L. Cai, Y. Yan-Neale, M. A. Cueto, H. Xu, and D. Cohen HDAC1, a Histone Deacetylase, Forms a Complex with Hus1 and Rad9, Two G2/M Checkpoint Rad Proteins J. Biol. Chem., September 1, 2000; 275(36): 27909 - 27916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Burtelow, S. H. Kaufmann, and L. M. Karnitz Retention of the Human Rad9 Checkpoint Complex in Extraction-resistant Nuclear Complexes after DNA Damage J. Biol. Chem., August 18, 2000; 275(34): 26343 - 26348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Rauen, M. A. Burtelow, V. M. Dufault, and L. M. Karnitz The Human Checkpoint Protein hRad17 Interacts with the PCNA-like Proteins hRad1, hHus1, and hRad9 J. Biol. Chem., September 15, 2000; 275(38): 29767 - 29771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-J. Chen, Y.-T. Lin, H. B. Lieberman, G. Chen, and E. Y.-H. P. Lee ATM-dependent Phosphorylation of Human Rad9 Is Required for Ionizing Radiation-induced Checkpoint Activation J. Biol. Chem., May 4, 2001; 276(19): 16580 - 16586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Makiniemi, T. Hillukkala, J. Tuusa, K. Reini, M. Vaara, D. Huang, H. Pospiech, I. Majuri, T. Westerling, T. P. Makela, et al. BRCT Domain-containing Protein TopBP1 Functions in DNA Replication and Damage Response J. Biol. Chem., August 3, 2001; 276(32): 30399 - 30406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Burtelow, P. M. K. Roos-Mattjus, M. Rauen, J. R. Babendure, and L. M. Karnitz Reconstitution and Molecular Analysis of the hRad9-hHus1-hRad1 (9-1-1) DNA Damage Responsive Checkpoint Complex J. Biol. Chem., July 6, 2001; 276(28): 25903 - 25909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Zhang, Z. Zhu, G. Vidanes, D. Mbangkollo, Y. Liu, and W. Siede Characterization of DNA Damage-stimulated Self-interaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Checkpoint Protein Rad17p J. Biol. Chem., July 6, 2001; 276(28): 26715 - 26723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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