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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 2, 638-648, January 8, 1999
From the Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of
Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City,
Kansas City, Missouri 64110-2499
Hemopexin protects cells lacking hemopexin
receptors by tightly binding heme abrogating its deleterious effects
and preventing nonspecific heme uptake, whereas cells with hemopexin
receptors undergo a series of cellular events upon encountering
heme-hemopexin. The biochemical responses to heme-hemopexin depend on
its extracellular concentration and range from stimulation of cell
growth at low levels to cell survival at otherwise toxic levels of
heme. High (2-10 µM) but not low (0.01-1
µM) concentrations of heme-hemopexin increase, albeit
transiently, the protein carbonyl content of mouse hepatoma (Hepa)
cells. This is due to events associated with heme transport since
cobalt-protoporphyrin IX-hemopexin, which binds to the receptor and
activates signaling pathways without tetrapyrrole transport, does not
increase carbonyl content. The N-terminal c-Jun kinase (JNK) is rapidly
activated by 2-10 µM heme-hemopexin, yet the increased
intracellular heme levels are neither toxic nor apoptotic. After
24 h exposure to 10 µM heme-hemopexin, Hepa cells
become refractory to the growth stimulation seen with 0.1-0.75
µM heme-hemopexin but HO-1 remains responsive to
induction by heme-hemopexin. Since free heme does not induce JNK, the
signaling events, like phosphorylation of c-Jun via activation of JNK
as well as the nuclear translocation of NF
B, G2/M
arrest, and increased expression of p53 and of the cell cycle inhibitor
p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 generated by heme-hemopexin appear to be of
paramount importance in cellular protection by heme-hemopexin.
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