|
J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 29, 20206-20214, July 16, 1999
p90RSK Is a Serum-stimulated
Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform-1 Kinase
REGULATORY PHOSPHORYLATION OF SERINE 703 OF
Na+/H+ EXCHANGER ISOFORM-1
Eiichi
Takahashi,
Jun-ichi
Abe,
Byron
Gallis,
Ruedi
Aebersold ,
Denise J.
Spring§,
Edwin G.
Krebs§¶ , and
Bradford C.
Berk**
From the Departments of Medicine, Molecular
Biotechnology, § Pharmacology, and ¶ Biochemistry and
the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington 98195 and the ** Center for Cardiovascular
Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
The Na+/H+
exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) is the key member of a family of exchangers
that regulates intracellular pH and cell volume. Activation of NHE-1 by
growth factors is rapid, correlates with increased NHE-1
phosphorylation and cell alkalinization, and plays a role in cell cycle
progression. By two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping of
immunoprecipitated NHE-1, we identify serine 703 as the major
serum-stimulated amino acid. Mutation of serine 703 to alanine had no
effect on acid-stimulated Na+/H+ exchange but
completely prevented the growth factor-mediated increase in NHE-1
affinity for H+. In addition, we show that p90 ribosomal S6
kinase (p90RSK) is a key NHE-1 kinase since
p90RSK phosphorylates NHE-1 serine 703 stoichiometrically
in vitro, and transfection with kinase-inactive
p90RSK inhibits serum-induced phosphorylation of NHE-1
serine 703 in transfected 293 cells. These findings establish
p90RSK as a serum-stimulated NHE-1 kinase and a mediator of
increased Na+/H+ exchange in
vivo.
Copyright © 1999 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

CiteULike Complore Connotea Del.icio.us Digg Reddit Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Mandal, M. Shahidullah, N. A. Delamere, and M. A. Teran
Elevated hydrostatic pressure activates sodium/hydrogen exchanger-1 in rat optic nerve head astrocytes
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,
July 1, 2009;
297(1):
C111 - C120.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. Schneider, C.-M. Stock, P. Dieterich, B. H. Jensen, L. B. Pedersen, P. Satir, A. Schwab, S. T. Christensen, and S. F. Pedersen
The Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 is required for directional migration stimulated via PDGFR-{alpha} in the primary cilium
J. Cell Biol.,
April 6, 2009;
185(1):
163 - 176.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Ortiz-Acevedo, R. R. Rigor, H. M. Maldonado, and P. M. Cala
Activation of Na+/H+ and K+/H+ exchange by calyculin A in Amphiuma tridactylum red blood cells: implications for the control of volume-induced ion flux activity
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,
November 1, 2008;
295(5):
C1316 - C1325.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
I. Szokodi, R. Kerkela, A.-M. Kubin, B. Sarman, S. Pikkarainen, A. Konyi, I. G. Horvath, L. Papp, M. Toth, R. Skoumal, et al.
Functionally Opposing Roles of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in the Regulation of Cardiac Contractility
Circulation,
October 14, 2008;
118(16):
1651 - 1658.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. K. Snabaitis, F. Cuello, and M. Avkiran
Protein Kinase B/Akt Phosphorylates and Inhibits the Cardiac Na+/H+ Exchanger NHE1
Circ. Res.,
October 10, 2008;
103(8):
881 - 890.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. L. Grenier, K. Abu-ihweij, G. Zhang, S. M. Ruppert, R. Boohaker, E. R. Slepkov, K. Pridemore, J.-J. Ren, L. Fliegel, and A. R. Khaled
Apoptosis-induced alkalinization by the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 is mediated through phosphorylation of amino acids Ser726 and Ser729
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,
October 1, 2008;
295(4):
C883 - C896.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. W. Good, T. George, and B. A. Watts III
Nerve Growth Factor Inhibits Na+/H+ Exchange and Formula Absorption through Parallel Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-mTOR and ERK Pathways in Thick Ascending Limb
J. Biol. Chem.,
September 26, 2008;
283(39):
26602 - 26611.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Z. Lu, J.-i. Abe, J. Taunton, Y. Lu, T. Shishido, C. McClain, C. Yan, S. P. Xu, T. M. Spangenberg, and H. Xu
Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Activation of p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase Prolongs Cardiac Repolarization Through Inhibiting Outward K+ Channel Activity
Circ. Res.,
August 1, 2008;
103(3):
269 - 278.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
H. C. Zaun, A. Shrier, and J. Orlowski
Calcineurin B Homologous Protein 3 Promotes the Biosynthetic Maturation, Cell Surface Stability, and Optimal Transport of the Na+/H+ Exchanger NHE1 Isoform
J. Biol. Chem.,
May 2, 2008;
283(18):
12456 - 12467.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y.-S. Jung, H.-Y. Kim, J. Kim, M.-G. Lee, J. Pouyssegur, and E. Kim
Physical Interactions and Functional Coupling between Daxx and Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger 1 in Ischemic Cell Death
J. Biol. Chem.,
January 11, 2008;
283(2):
1018 - 1025.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
E. D. Johnstone, P. F. Speake, and C. P. Sibley
Epidermal growth factor and sphingosine-1-phosphate stimulate Na+/H+ exchanger activity in the human placental syncytiotrophoblast
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,
December 1, 2007;
293(6):
R2290 - R2294.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. Luo, D. B. Kintner, G. E. Shull, and D. Sun
ERK1/2-p90RSK-mediated Phosphorylation of Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 1: A ROLE IN ISCHEMIC NEURONAL DEATH
J. Biol. Chem.,
September 21, 2007;
282(38):
28274 - 28284.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. Xue, D. Zhou, H. Yao, O. Gavrialov, M. J. McConnell, B. D. Gelb, and G. G. Haddad
Novel functional interaction between Na+/H+ exchanger 1 and tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,
June 1, 2007;
292(6):
R2406 - R2416.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. E. Malo, L. Li, and L. Fliegel
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-dependent Activation of the Na+/H+ Exchanger Is Mediated through Phosphorylation of Amino Acids Ser770 and Ser771
J. Biol. Chem.,
March 2, 2007;
282(9):
6292 - 6299.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
F. Cuello, A. K. Snabaitis, M. S. Cohen, J. Taunton, and M. Avkiran
Evidence for Direct Regulation of Myocardial Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 1 Phosphorylation and Activity by 90-kDa Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK): Effects of the Novel and Specific RSK Inhibitor fmk on Responses to {alpha}1-Adrenergic Stimulation
Mol. Pharmacol.,
March 1, 2007;
71(3):
799 - 806.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
P. J. Schoonheim, H. Veiga, D. da Costa Pereira, G. Friso, K. J. van Wijk, and A. H. de Boer
A Comprehensive Analysis of the 14-3-3 Interactome in Barley Leaves Using a Complementary Proteomics and Two-Hybrid Approach
Plant Physiology,
February 1, 2007;
143(2):
670 - 683.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. Mishima, S. Wakabayashi, and C. Kojima
Solution Structure of the Cytoplasmic Region of Na+/H+ Exchanger 1 Complexed with Essential Cofactor Calcineurin B Homologous Protein 1
J. Biol. Chem.,
January 26, 2007;
282(4):
2741 - 2751.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. H. Turner, M. N. Garnovskaya, S. D. Coaxum, T. M. Vlasova, M. Yakutovich, D. M. Lefler, and J. R. Raymond
Ca2+-Calmodulin and Janus Kinase 2 Are Required for Activation of Sodium-Proton Exchange by the Gi-Coupled 5-Hydroxytryptamine1a Receptor
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
January 1, 2007;
320(1):
314 - 322.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
B. A. Watts III, T. George, and D. W. Good
Aldosterone inhibits apical NHE3 and HCO3- absorption via a nongenomic ERK-dependent pathway in medullary thick ascending limb
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,
November 1, 2006;
291(5):
F1005 - F1013.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. K. Snabaitis, R. D'Mello, S. Dashnyam, and M. Avkiran
A Novel Role for Protein Phosphatase 2A in Receptor-mediated Regulation of the Cardiac Sarcolemmal Na+/H+ Exchanger NHE1
J. Biol. Chem.,
July 21, 2006;
281(29):
20252 - 20262.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
N. Maekawa, J.-i. Abe, T. Shishido, S. Itoh, B. Ding, V. K. Sharma, S.-S. Sheu, B. C. Blaxall, and B. C. Berk
Inhibiting p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase Prevents Na+-H+ Exchanger-Mediated Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Circulation,
May 30, 2006;
113(21):
2516 - 2523.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y. Fujiwara, K. Higuchi, T. Takashima, M. Hamaguchi, T. Hayakawa, K. Tominaga, T. Watanabe, N. Oshitani, Y. Shimada, and T. Arakawa
Roles of epidermal growth factor and Na+/H+ exchanger-1 in esophageal epithelial defense against acid-induced injury
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,
April 1, 2006;
290(4):
G665 - G673.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. B. Kintner, A. Look, G. E. Shull, and D. Sun
Stimulation of astrocyte Na+/H+ exchange activity in response to in vitro ischemia depends in part on activation of ERK1/2
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,
October 1, 2005;
289(4):
C934 - C945.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Itoh, B. Ding, C. P. Bains, N. Wang, Y. Takeishi, T. Jalili, G. L. King, R. A. Walsh, C. Yan, and J.-i. Abe
Role of p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (p90RSK) in Reactive Oxygen Species and Protein Kinase C {beta} (PKC-{beta})-mediated Cardiac Troponin I Phosphorylation
J. Biol. Chem.,
June 24, 2005;
280(25):
24135 - 24142.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. Baumgartner, H. Patel, and D. L. Barber
Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 as plasma membrane scaffold in the assembly of signaling complexes
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,
October 1, 2004;
287(4):
C844 - C850.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Aker, A. K Snabaitis, I. Konietzka, A. van de Sand, K. Bongler, M. Avkiran, G. Heusch, and R. Schulz
Inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger attenuates the deterioration of ventricular function during pacing-induced heart failure in rabbits
Cardiovasc Res,
August 1, 2004;
63(2):
273 - 282.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. Al-Khalili, O. Kotova, H. Tsuchida, I. Ehren, E. Feraille, A. Krook, and A. V. Chibalin
ERK1/2 Mediates Insulin Stimulation of Na,K-ATPase by Phosphorylation of the {alpha}-Subunit in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells
J. Biol. Chem.,
June 11, 2004;
279(24):
25211 - 25218.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
P. P. Roux and J. Blenis
ERK and p38 MAPK-Activated Protein Kinases: a Family of Protein Kinases with Diverse Biological Functions
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.,
June 1, 2004;
68(2):
320 - 344.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
E. Takahashi, K. Fukuda, S. Miyoshi, M. Murata, T. Kato, M. Ita, T. Tanabe, and S. Ogawa
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Activates Cardiac L-Type Ca2+ Channels via Phosphorylation of Serine 1829 in the Rabbit Cav1.2 Subunit
Circ. Res.,
May 14, 2004;
94(9):
1242 - 1248.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y. V. Mukhin, M. N. Garnovskaya, M. E. Ullian, and J. R. Raymond
ERK Is Regulated by Sodium-Proton Exchanger in Rat Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
J. Biol. Chem.,
January 16, 2004;
279(3):
1845 - 1852.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. S. Haworth, C. McCann, A. K. Snabaitis, N. A. Roberts, and M. Avkiran
Stimulation of the Plasma Membrane Na+/H+ Exchanger NHE1 by Sustained Intracellular Acidosis: EVIDENCE FOR A NOVEL MECHANISM MEDIATED BY THE ERK PATHWAY
J. Biol. Chem.,
August 22, 2003;
278(34):
31676 - 31684.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. E. Cavet, S. Lehoux, and B. C. Berk
14-3-3beta Is a p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) Isoform 1-binding Protein That Negatively Regulates RSK Kinase Activity
J. Biol. Chem.,
May 9, 2003;
278(20):
18376 - 18383.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. N. Garnovskaya, Y. V. Mukhin, T. M. Vlasova, and J. R. Raymond
Hypertonicity Activates Na+/H+ Exchange through Janus Kinase 2 and Calmodulin
J. Biol. Chem.,
May 2, 2003;
278(19):
16908 - 16915.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Wakabayashi, T. Hisamitsu, T. Pang, and M. Shigekawa
Mutations of Arg440 and Gly455/Gly456 Oppositely Change pH Sensing of Na+/H+ Exchanger 1
J. Biol. Chem.,
March 28, 2003;
278(14):
11828 - 11835.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. Avkiran and R. S Haworth
Regulatory effects of G protein-coupled receptors on cardiac sarcolemmal Na+/H+ exchanger activity: signalling and significance
Cardiovasc Res,
March 15, 2003;
57(4):
942 - 952.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
T. Pang, S. Wakabayashi, and M. Shigekawa
Expression of Calcineurin B Homologous Protein 2 Protects Serum Deprivation-induced Cell Death by Serum-independent Activation of Na+/H+ Exchanger
J. Biol. Chem.,
November 8, 2002;
277(46):
43771 - 43777.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
E. C. Rothstein, K. L. Byron, R. E. Reed, L. Fliegel, and P. A. Lucchesi
H2O2-induced Ca2+ overload in NRVM involves ERK1/2 MAP kinases: role for an NHE-1-dependent pathway
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
August 1, 2002;
283(2):
H598 - H605.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Q.-S. Qiu, Y. Guo, M. A. Dietrich, K. S. Schumaker, and J.-K. Zhu
Regulation of SOS1, a plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchanger in Arabidopsisthaliana, by SOS2 and SOS3
PNAS,
June 11, 2002;
99(12):
8436 - 8441.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
B. A. Watts III and D. W. Good
ERK mediates inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange and HCO3- absorption by nerve growth factor in MTAL
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,
June 1, 2002;
282(6):
F1056 - F1063.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. K Snabaitis, D. J Hearse, and M. Avkiran
Regulation of sarcolemmal Na+/H+ exchange by hydrogen peroxide in adult rat ventricular myocytes
Cardiovasc Res,
February 1, 2002;
53(2):
470 - 480.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y. Takeishi, Q. Huang, J.-i. Abe, W. Che, J.-D. Lee, H. Kawakatsu, B. D Hoit, Bradford.C Berk, and R. A Walsh
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase in failing human hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiovasc Res,
January 1, 2002;
53(1):
131 - 137.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. R. Khaled, A. N. Moor, A. Li, K. Kim, D. K. Ferris, K. Muegge, R. J. Fisher, L. Fliegel, and S. K. Durum
Trophic Factor Withdrawal: p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activates NHE1, Which Induces Intracellular Alkalinization
Mol. Cell. Biol.,
November 15, 2001;
21(22):
7545 - 7557.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. A. Richards, V. C. Dreisbach, L. O. Murphy, and J. Blenis
Characterization of Regulatory Events Associated with Membrane Targeting of p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase 1
Mol. Cell. Biol.,
November 1, 2001;
21(21):
7470 - 7480.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Wei, E. C. Rothstein, L. Fliegel, L. J. Dell'Italia, and P. A. Lucchesi
Differential MAP kinase activation and Na+/H+ exchanger phosphorylation by H2O2 in rat cardiac myocytes
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,
November 1, 2001;
281(5):
C1542 - C1550.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Ibata-Ombetta, T. Jouault, P.-A. Trinel, and D. Poulain
Role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascade in macrophage killing of Candida albicans
J. Leukoc. Biol.,
July 1, 2001;
70(1):
149 - 154.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J.-i. Abe, C. P. Baines, and B. C. Berk
Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury : The Good and the Bad
Circ. Res.,
March 31, 2000;
86(6):
607 - 609.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. K. Snabaitis, H. Yokoyama, and M. Avkiran
Roles of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Protein Kinase C in {alpha}1A-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Stimulation of the Sarcolemmal Na+-H+ Exchanger
Circ. Res.,
February 4, 2000;
86(2):
214 - 220.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. Counillon and J. Pouyssegur
The Expanding Family of Eucaryotic Na+/H+ Exchangers
J. Biol. Chem.,
January 7, 2000;
275(1):
1 - 4.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y. Takeishi, J.-i. Abe, J.-D. Lee, H. Kawakatsu, R. A. Walsh, and B. C. Berk
Differential Regulation of p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase and Big Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 by Ischemia/Reperfusion and Oxidative Stress in Perfused Guinea Pig Hearts
Circ. Res.,
December 3, 1999;
85(12):
1164 - 1172.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y. V. Mukhin, T. Vlasova, A. A. Jaffa, G. Collinsworth, J. L. Bell, B. G. Tholanikunnel, T. Pettus, W. Fitzgibbon, D. W. Ploth, J. R. Raymond, et al.
Bradykinin B2 Receptors Activate Na+/H+ Exchange in mIMCD-3 Cells via Janus Kinase 2 and Ca2+/Calmodulin
J. Biol. Chem.,
May 11, 2001;
276(20):
17339 - 17346.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Lehoux, J.-i. Abe, J. A. Florian, and B. C. Berk
14-3-3 Binding to Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform-1 Is Associated with Serum-dependent Activation of Na+/H+ Exchange
J. Biol. Chem.,
May 4, 2001;
276(19):
15794 - 15800.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. N. Moor, X. T. Gan, M. Karmazyn, and L. Fliegel
Activation of Na+/H+ Exchanger-directed Protein Kinases in the Ischemic and Ischemic-reperfused Rat Myocardium
J. Biol. Chem.,
May 4, 2001;
276(19):
16113 - 16122.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
W. Yan, K. Nehrke, J. Choi, and D. L. Barber
The Nck-interacting Kinase (NIK) Phosphorylates the Na+-H+ Exchanger NHE1 and Regulates NHE1 Activation by Platelet-derived Growth Factor
J. Biol. Chem.,
August 10, 2001;
276(33):
31349 - 31356.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|
Copyright © 1999 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
|
Advertisement
Advertisement
|