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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 37, 26617-26624, September 10, 1999

L-Glutamic Acid -Monohydroxamate
A POTENTIATOR OF VANADIUM-EVOKED GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN VITRO AND IN VIVO

Itzhak Goldwaser^§, Jinping Li, Eytan Gershonov^§, Michal Armoni, Eddy Karnieli, Mati Fridkin^§, and Yoram Shechter

From the  Departments of Biological Chemistry and ^§ Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel and the  Institute of Endocrinology, Rambam Medical Center and the B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel

We report that the vanadium ligand L-Glu()HXM potentiates the capacity of free vanadium ions to activate glucose uptake and glucose metabolism in rat adipocytes in vitro (by 4-5-fold) and to lower blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic rats in vivo (by 5-7-fold). A molar ratio of two L-Glu()HXM molecules to one vanadium ion was most effective. Unlike other vanadium ligands that potentiate the insulinomimetic actions of vanadium, L-Glu()HXM partially activated lipogenesis in rat adipocytes in the absence of exogenous vanadium. This effect was not manifested by D-Glu()HXM. At 10-20 µM L-Glu()HXM, lipogenesis was activated 9-21%. This effect was approximately 9-fold higher (140 ± 15% of maximal insulin response) in adipocytes derived from rats that had been treated with vanadium for several days. Titration of vanadium(IV) with L-Glu()HXM led to a rapid decrease in the absorbance of vanadium(IV) at 765 nm, and ⁵¹V NMR spectroscopy revealed that the chemical shift of vanadium(IV) at 490 ppm disappeared with the appearance of a signal characteristic to vanadium(V) (530 ppm) upon adding one equivalent of L-Glu()HXM. In summary, L-Glu()HXM is highly active in potentiating vanadium-activated glucose metabolism in vitro and in vivo and facilitating glucose metabolism in rat adipocytes in the absence of exogenous vanadium probably through conversion of trace intracellular vanadium into an active insulinomimetic compound. We propose that the active species is either a 1:1 or 2:1 L-Glu()HXM vanadium complex in which the endogenous vanadium(IV) has been altered to vanadium(V). Finally we demonstrate that L-Glu()HXM- and L-Glu()HXM·vanadium-evoked lipogenesis is arrested by wortmannin and that activation of glucose uptake in rat adipocytes is because of enhanced translocation of GLUT4 from low density microsomes to the plasma membrane.

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