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J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 52, 37391-37399, December 24, 1999

New Lessons for Combinatorial Biosynthesis from Myxobacteria
THE MYXOTHIAZOL BIOSYNTHETIC GENE CLUSTER OF Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4/3-1*

Barbara SilakowskiDagger , Hans Ulrich Schairer§, Heidi Ehret§, Brigitte KunzeDagger , Stefan WeinigDagger , Gabriele NordsiekDagger , Petra BrandtDagger , Helmut BlöckerDagger , Gerhard HöfleDagger , Stefan BeyerDagger , and Rolf MüllerDagger ∥

From Dagger  Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, § Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, and  Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany

The biosynthetic mta gene cluster responsible for myxothiazol formation from the fruiting body forming myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4/3-1 was sequenced and analyzed. Myxothiazol, an inhibitor of the electron transport via the bc1-complex of the respiratory chain, is biosynthesized by a unique combination of several polyketide synthases (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), which are activated by the 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase MtaA. Genomic replacement of a fragment of mtaB and insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene into mtaA both impaired myxothiazol synthesis. Genes mtaC and mtaD encode the enzymes for bis-thiazol(ine) formation and chain extension on one pure NRPS (MtaC) and on a unique combination of PKS and NRPS (MtaD). The genes mtaE and mtaF encode PKSs including peptide fragments with homology to methyltransferases. These methyltransferase modules are assumed to be necessary for the formation of the proposed methoxy- and beta -methoxy-acrylate intermediates of myxothiazol biosynthesis. The last gene of the cluster, mtaG, again resembles a NRPS and provides insight into the mechanism of the formation of the terminal amide of myxothiazol. The carbon backbone of an amino acid added to the myxothiazol-acid is assumed to be removed via an unprecedented module with homology to monooxygenases within MtaG.

* This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grants Scha150/8-1 and 150/8-2 and by a grant from the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (all to H. U. S.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EMBL Data Bank with accession number(s) AF188287.

∥ To whom correspondence should be addressed: GBF-Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Abteilung NBI/MX, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. Tel.: 49-531-6181420; Fax: 49-531-6181284; E-mail: rom@gbf.de.

Copyright © 1999 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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