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J Biol Chem, Vol. 275, Issue 18, 13502-13509, May 5, 2000
From the Departments of The recent identification of two new
thrombin receptors, PAR3 and PAR4, led us to re-examine the basis for
endothelial cell responses to thrombin. Human umbilical vein
endothelial cells (HUVEC) are known to express PAR1 and the
trypsin/tryptase receptor, PAR2. Northern blots detected both of those
receptors and, to a lesser extent, PAR3, but PAR4 message was
undetectable and there was no response to PAR4 agonist peptides. To
determine whether PAR3 or any other receptor contributes to thrombin
signaling in HUVEC, PAR1 cleavage was blocked with two selective
antibodies and PAR1 activation was inhibited with the antagonist,
BMS200261. The antibodies completely inhibited HUVEC responses to
thrombin, but BMS200261 was only partly effective, even though separate studies established that the antagonist completely inhibits PAR1 signaling at the concentrations used. Since peptides mimicking the PAR1
tethered ligand domain can also activate PAR2, we asked whether the
remaining thrombin response in the presence of the antagonist could be
due in part to the intermolecular transactivation of PAR2 by cleaved
PAR1. Evidence that transactivation can occur was obtained in COS-7
cells co-expressing PAR2 and a variant of PAR1 that can be cleaved, but
not signal. There was a substantial response to thrombin only in cells
expressing both receptors. Conversely, in HUVEC, complete blockade of
the thrombin response by the PAR1 antagonist occurred only when
signaling through PAR2 was also blocked. From these observations we
conclude that 1) PAR1 is the predominant thrombin receptor expressed in
HUVEC and cleavage of PAR1 is required for endothelial cell responses
to thrombin; 2) although PAR3 may be expressed, there is still no evidence that it mediates thrombin responses; 3) PAR4 is not expressed on HUVEC; and 4) transactivation of PAR2 by cleaved PAR1 can contribute to endothelial cell responses to thrombin, particularly when signaling through PAR1 is blocked. Such transactivation may limit the
effectiveness of PAR1 antagonists, which compete with the tethered
ligand domain rather than preventing PAR1 cleavage.
Thrombin Responses in Human Endothelial Cells
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM RECEPTORS OTHER THAN PAR1 INCLUDE THE
TRANSACTIVATION OF PAR2 BY THROMBIN-CLEAVED PAR1*
§,,
,,, and§**
Medicine and
§ Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104, the ¶ Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche
Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro 66030, Italy, and the Department of Physiology, Thomas Jefferson
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
*
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health
Grants HL-40387 and HL-52132. Peptide synthesis was performed by the
Protein Chemistry Laboratory of the Medical School of the University of
Pennsylvania and supported by core grants of the Diabetes and Cancer
Centers (DK-19525 and CA-16520).The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Copyright © 2000 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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