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J Biol Chem, Vol. 275, Issue 18, 13517-13528, May 5, 2000
Lamprey Hemoglobin
STRUCTURAL BASIS OF THE BOHR EFFECT*
Yang
Qiu §,
David H.
Maillett¶,
James
Knapp **,
John
S.
Olson¶, and
Austen F.
Riggs 
From the Section of Neurobiology, School of
Biological Sciences and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology,
University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1064, the ¶ Department of
Biochemistry and Cell Biology and the Keck Center for Computational
Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, and the
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
Lampreys, among the most primitive
living vertebrates, have hemoglobins (Hbs) with self-association and
ligand-binding properties very different from those that characterize
the 2 2 tetrameric Hbs of higher
vertebrates. Monomeric, ligated lamprey Hb self-associates to dimers
and tetramers upon deoxygenation. Dissociation to monomers upon
oxygenation accounts for the cooperative binding of O2 and its pH dependence. Honzatko and Hendrickson (Honzatko, R. B., and
Hendrickson, W. A. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
U. S. A 83, 8487-8491) proposed that the dimeric interface of
the Hb resembles either the 1 2 interface
of mammalian Hbs or the contacts in clam Hb where the E and F helices
form the interface. Perutz (Perutz, M. F. (1989) Quart. Rev.
Biophys. 2, 139- 236) proposed a version of the clam model in
which the distal histidine swings out of the heme pocket upon
deoxygenation to form a bond with a carboxyl group of a second monomer.
The sedimentation behavior and oxygen equilibria of nine mutants of the
major Hb component, PMII, from Petromyzon marinus have been
measured to test these models. The results strongly support a critical
role of the E helix and the AB corner in forming the subunit interface
in the dimer and rule out the 1 2 model.
The pH dependence of both the sedimentation equilibrium and the oxygen
binding of the mutant E75Q indicate that Glu75 is one of
two groups responsible for the Bohr effect. Changing the distal
histidine 73 to glutamine almost completely abolishes the
self-association of the deoxy-Hb and causes a large increase in
O2 affinity. The recent x-ray crystallographic
determination of the structure of deoxy lamprey Hb, reported after the
completion of this work (Heaslet, H. A., and Royer, W. E. (1999) Structure 7, 517-526), shows that the dimer
interface does involve the E helix and the AB corner, supporting the
measurements and interpretations reported here.
*
This work was supported by National Science Foundation
Grants MCB 951179 and 972385 (to A. F. R.), National
Institutes of Health Grants GM 35649 and HL 47020 (to J. S. O.), and National Institutes of Health Biotechnology Training Grant
T32-GM08362. Portions of this paper are based on a Ph.D. dissertation
of Y. Qiu at the University of Texas at Austin, December, 1997. A
preliminary account of the results has been presented (1).The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EMBL Data Bank with accession number(s) AF248645.
§
Present address: Functional Genomics Department, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., MS84-171, Berkeley, CA 94720.
**
Present address: Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 512-471-1585;
Fax: 512-471-9651; E-mail: riggs@uts.cc.utexas.edu.
Copyright © 2000 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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