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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 25, 18946-18961, June 23, 2000
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From the Polymorphisms in CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5),
the major coreceptor of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and
simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), have a major influence on HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. The effects of these
polymorphisms may, in part, account for the differential pathogenesis
of HIV-1 (immunosuppression) and SIV (natural resistance) in humans and non-human primates, respectively. Thus, understanding the genetic basis
underlying species-specific responses to HIV-1 and SIV could reveal new
anti-HIV-1 therapeutic strategies for humans. To this end, we compared
CCR5 structure/evolution and regulation among humans, apes,
Old World Monkeys, and New World Monkeys. The evolution of the
CCR5 cis-regulatory region versus the open
reading frame as well as among different domains of the open reading
frame differed from one another. CCR5 cis-regulatory region
sequence variation in humans was substantially higher than anticipated.
Based on this variation, CCR5 haplotypes could be organized
into seven evolutionarily distinct human haplogroups (HH) that we
designated HHA, -B, -C, -D, -E, -F, and -G. HHA haplotypes were defined
as ancestral to all other haplotypes by comparison to the
CCR5 haplotypes of non-human primates. Different human and
non-human primate CCR5 haplotypes were associated with
differential transcriptional regulation, and various polymorphisms
resulted in modified DNA-nuclear protein interactions, including
altered binding of members of the NF-
Evolution of Human and Non-human Primate CC Chemokine Receptor 5 Gene and mRNA
POTENTIAL ROLES FOR HAPLOTYPE AND mRNA DIVERSITY,
DIFFERENTIAL HAPLOTYPE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY, AND ALTERED
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING TO POLYMORPHIC NUCLEOTIDES IN THE
PATHOGENESIS OF HIV-1 AND SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS*,
§,


,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
¶¶
Departments of Medicine,
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and South
Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division,
San Antonio, Texas 78229, the ¶ Department of Pediatrics,
Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, the ** Department of Virology and
Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research,
San Antonio, Texas 78228, the 
Department
of Life Sciences, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78249, and
the §§ Infectious Diseases Service, Wilford Hall
Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base,
San Antonio, Texas 78236
B family of transcription
factors. We identified novel CCR5 untranslated mRNA sequences that
were conserved in human and non-human primates. In some primates,
mutations at exon-intron boundaries caused loss of expression of
selected CCR5 mRNA isoforms or production of novel mRNA
isoforms. Collectively, these findings suggest that the response to
HIV-1 and SIV infection in primates may have been driven, in part, by
evolution of the elements controlling CCR5 transcription and translation.
*
This work was supported in part by a Veterans Administration
Merit award, a Veterans Administration Hispanic Research Initiative award (to S. K. A.), by National Institutes of Health Grants
RO1-AI43279 and R21-AI46326 (to S. K. A.), RO1-AI41396 (to
J. S. A.), and RO1-RR-08122-07 (to K. K. M.), by National Science
Foundation Grants SBR-9514733, SBR-9700729, and SBR-9818215, and by
National Institutes of Health Grant GM-52290 (to M. B.). This work was also supported by a Robert J. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation grant (to
S. S. A. and S. K. A.)The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
The on-line version of this article (available at
http://www.jbc.org) contains Figs. S1-S3.
The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EMBL Data Bank with accession number(s) AF246899-AF246925 and AF252551-AF252598.
§ Both authors contributed equally to this work.
Supported by the Robert J. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation.
¶¶
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
ahujas@uthscsa.edu.

Supported by a Veterans Affairs Career Development Award.
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