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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 28, 21177-21184, July 14, 2000
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,
, and
¶
From the Maillard or browning reactions lead to formation
of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on protein and contribute to
the increase in chemical modification of proteins during aging and in
diabetes. AGE inhibitors such as aminoguanidine and pyridoxamine (PM)
have proven effective in animal model and clinical studies as
inhibitors of AGE formation and development of diabetic complications. We report here that PM also inhibits the chemical modification of
proteins during lipid peroxidation (lipoxidation) reactions in
vitro, and we show that it traps reactive intermediates formed during lipid peroxidation. In reactions of arachidonate with the model
protein RNase, PM prevented modification of lysine residues and
formation of the advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) N
Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, South Carolina 29208 and the § Department of
Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina,
Charleston, South Carolina 29425
-(carboxymethyl)lysine,
N
-(carboxyethyl)lysine,
malondialdehyde-lysine, and 4-hydroxynonenal-lysine. PM also inhibited
lysine modification and formation of ALEs during copper-catalyzed
oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Hexanoic acid amide and
nonanedioic acid monoamide derivatives of PM were identified as major
products formed during oxidation of linoleic acid in the presence of
PM. We propose a mechanism for formation of these products from the 9- and 13-oxo-decadienoic acid intermediates formed during peroxidation of
linoleic acid. PM, as a potent inhibitor of both AGE and ALE formation,
may prove useful for limiting the increased chemical modification of
tissue proteins and associated pathology in aging and chronic diseases,
including both diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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