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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 37, 29011-29022, September 15, 2000

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Determinants of Topogenesis and Glycosylation of Type II Membrane Proteins
ANALYSIS OF Na,K-ATPase ₁ AND ₃ SUBUNITS BY GLYCOSYLATION MAPPING^*

Udo Hasler, Peter J. Greasley, Gunnar von Heijne^§, and Käthi Geering^¶

From the  Institut de Pharmacologie and Toxicologie de l'Université, 27 rue du Bugnon, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and the ^§ Department of Biochemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

The structural and molecular determinants that govern the correct membrane insertion and folding of membrane proteins are still ill-defined. By following the addition of sugar chains to engineered glycosylation sites (glycosylation mapping) in Na,K-ATPase  isoforms expressed in vitro and in Xenopus oocytes, in combination with biochemical techniques, we have defined the C-terminal end of the transmembrane domain of these type II proteins. N-terminal truncation and the removal of a single charged residue at the N-terminal start of the putative transmembrane domain influence the proper positioning of the transmembrane domain in the membrane as reflected by a repositioning of the transmembrane domain, the exposure of a putative cryptic signal peptidase cleavage site, and the production of protein species unable to insert into the membrane. Glycosylation mapping in vivo revealed that the degree of glycosylation at acceptor sites located close to the membrane increases with the time proteins spend in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, core sugars added to such acceptor sites cannot be processed to fully glycosylated species even when the protein is transported to the cell surface. Thus, the glycosylation mapping strategy applied in intact cells is a useful tool for the study of determinants for the correct membrane insertion of type II and probably other membrane proteins, as well as for the processing of sugar chains in glycoproteins.

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