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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 276, Issue 14, 11049-11054, April 6, 2001

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Binding of Antigenic Peptide to the Endoplasmic Reticulum-resident Protein gp96/GRP94 Heat Shock Chaperone Occurs in Higher Order Complexes
ESSENTIAL ROLE OF SOME AROMATIC AMINO ACID RESIDUES IN THE PEPTIDE-BINDING SITE^*

Nora A. Linderoth, Martha N. Simon^§, James F. Hainfeld^§, and Srin Sastry^¶

From the  Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021 and the ^§ Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973

Vaccination with heat shock protein gp96-antigenic peptide complexes produces a powerful specific immune response against cancers and infectious diseases in some experimental animal models, and gp96-peptide complexes are now being tested in human clinical trials. gp96 appears to serve as a natural adjuvant for chaperoning antigenic peptides into the immune surveillance pathways. A fundamental issue that needs to be addressed is the mechanism of binding of antigenic peptide to gp96. Here, we show using scanning transmission electron microscopy that recombinant gp96 binds peptide in stable multimeric complexes, which may have biological significance. To open the possibility for genetically engineering gp96 for improved immunogenicity and to understand if molecular recognition plays a role in the binding of antigenic peptide, we mutagenized some specific aromatic amino acids in the presumed peptide-binding pocket. Replacement of Tyr-667 or Tyr-678 to Ala reduced affinity for peptide whereas conversion of Trp-654 to Tyr increased peptide binding. Similarly, changing Trp-621 to Phe or Leu or Ala or Ile negatively affected peptide binding whereas changing Trp-621 to Tyr or Val positively affected peptide binding. Probing the peptide microenvironment in gp96-peptide complexes, suggested that hydrophobic interactions (and perhaps hydrogen bonding/stacking interactions) may play a role in peptide loading by gp96.

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