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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 276, Issue 2, 1089-1098, January 12, 2001
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From the Nuclear receptors (NRs) activate gene
transcription by binding to specific enhancer elements and recruiting
coactivators of the p160 family to promoters of target genes. The p160
coactivators in turn enhance transcription by recruiting secondary
coactivators, including histone acetyltransferases such as CREB-binding
protein (CBP) and p300/CBP-associated factor (p/CAF), as well as the
recently identified protein methyltransferase, coactivator-associated
arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1). In the current study, protein
arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), another arginine-specific protein methyltransferase that shares a region of high homology with CARM1, was
also found to act as a coactivator for NRs. PRMT1, like CARM1, bound to
the C-terminal AD2 activation domain of p160 coactivators and thereby
enhanced the activity of NRs in transient transfection assays. The
shape of the graphs of reporter gene activity versus the
amounts of CARM1 or PRMT1 expression vector indicated a cooperative relationship between coactivator concentration and activity. Moreover, CARM1 and PRMT1 acted in a synergistic manner to enhance reporter gene
activation by both hormone-dependent and orphan NRs. The synergy was most evident at low levels of transfected NR expression vectors, where activation of reporter genes was almost completely dependent on the presence of NR and all three exogenously supplied coactivators, i.e. GRIP1, CARM1, and PRMT1. In contrast,
with the higher levels of NR expression vectors typically used in
transient transfection assays, NR activity was much less dependent on
the combination of coactivators, suggesting that target gene activation occurs by different mechanisms at high versus low cellular
concentrations of NR. Because multiple coactivators are presumably
required to mediate transcriptional activation of native genes in
vivo, the low-NR conditions may provide a more physiologically
relevant assay for coactivator function.
Synergistic Enhancement of Nuclear Receptor Function by p160
Coactivators and Two Coactivators with Protein Methyltransferase
Activities*
§,
,
¶
Department of Pathology and the
¶ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
*
This work was supported by United States Public Health
Service Grant DK55274 from the National Institutes of Health (to
M. R. S.).The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of
Pathology, HMR 301, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90089. Tel.: 323-442-1289; Fax: 323-442-3049; E-mail:
stallcup@hsc.usc.edu.
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