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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 276, Issue 21, 18066-18074, May 25, 2001
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From the We have previously shown that the mammalian
gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), a unique
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) lacking an intracellular carboxyl
tail (C-tail), does not follow a
Casein Kinase II Sites in the Intracellular C-terminal Domain of
the Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor and Chimeric
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Receptors Contribute to
-Arrestin-dependent Internalization*
§¶
,
,
¶,
,
§§, and
§¶¶¶
7TM Receptor Laboratory, Western Australian
Institute for Medical Research, § Keogh Institute for
Medical Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, and ¶ Animal
Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
6009, Australia, ** Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia, and 
Baker
Medical Research Institute, Melbourne 8008, Australia
-arrestin-dependent
internalization pathway. However, internalization of a chimeric GnRHR
with the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) C-tail does
utilize
-arrestin. Here, we have investigated the sites within the
intracellular C-tail domain that are important for conferring
-arrestin-dependent internalization. In contrast to the
chimeric GnRHR with a TRHR C-tail, a chimeric GnRHR with the catfish
GnRHR C-tail is not
-arrestin-dependent. Sequence
comparisons between these chimeric receptors show three consensus
phosphorylation sites for casein kinase II (CKII) in the TRHR C-tail
but none in the catfish GnRHR C-tail. We thus investigated a role for
CKII sites in determining GPCR internalization via
-arrestin.
Sequential introduction of three CKII sites into the chimera with the
catfish C-tail (H354D,A366E,G371D) resulted in a change in the
pattern of receptor phosphorylation and
-arrestin-dependence, which
only occurred when all three sites were introduced. Conversely,
mutation of the putative CKII sites (T365A,T371A,S383A) in the C-tail
of a
-arrestin-sensitive GPCR, the TRHR, resulted in decreased
receptor phosphorylation and a loss of
-arrestin-dependence.
Mutation of all three CKII sites was necessary before a loss of
-arrestin-dependence was observed. Visualization of
-arrestin/GFP
redistribution confirmed a loss or gain of
-arrestin sensitivity for
receptor mutants. Internalization of receptors without C-tail CKII
sites was promoted by a phosphorylation-independent
-arrestin mutant
(R169E), suggesting that these receptors do not contain the necessary
phosphorylation sites required for
-arrestin-dependent
internalization. Apigenin, a specific CKII inhibitor, blocked the
increase in receptor internalization by
-arrestin, thus providing
further support for the involvement of CKII. This study presents
evidence of a novel role for C-tail CKII consensus sites in targeting
these GPCRs to the
-arrestin-dependent pathway.
*
This work was supported by grants from the National Health
and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Raine Foundation (to
K. A. E).The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Recipient of a Keogh Institute of Medical Research
postgraduate scholarship.
§§
Supported in part by a Block grant from the National Health and
Medical Research Council of Australia to the Baker Medical Research Institute.
¶¶
To whom correspondence should be addressed: WAIMR, B
Block, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave., Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Tel.: 61 08 9346 1980; Fax: 61 08 9346 1818; E-mail: keidne@waimr.uwa.edu.au.
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